The Naturism Wiki naturism_wiki https://naturism.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.35.13 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk The Naturism Wiki The Naturism Wiki talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 10 7 12 2009-05-02T18:34:55Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki <div> <!-- Beginning of header section --> {|style="width:100%;margin-top:+.7em;background-color:#4682B4;border:1px solid #ccc;-moz-border-radius:20px" |style="width:45%;color:#000"| {|style="width:100%;border:solid 0px;background:none" |- |style="width:100%px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;color:#000" | <div style="font-size:195%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#FFFFFF">{{{welcome}}}</div> |}<!-- Blurb & useful links --> |style="width:45%;font-size:125%;color:#FFFFFF"| {{{blurb}}} |}<!-- End of blurb & useful links --> </div> a384f27c7f43d66acecf5d65137f0fd5a41a122e 10 9 18 14 2009-07-08T08:41:15Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{HeaderTemplate|welcome={{{welcome}}}|blurb={{{blurb}}}}} <br /> <!-- LEFT COLUMN --> {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent;" |- | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0.5em;" | <!-- Info about this site --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{about_title}}}|content={{{about_content}}}}} | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-left:0.5em;" | <!-- Featured Article --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{featured_title}}}|content={{{featured_content}}}}} |} <br /> <!-- RIGHT COLUMN --> {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent;" |- | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0.5em;" | <!-- Did you know... --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{didyouknow_title}}}|content={{{didyouknow_content}}}}} | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-left:0.5em;" | <!-- Site news --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{news_title}}}|content={{{news_content}}}}} |} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 78f8386e9d2112600b0c1d1b84022fead288afdb 0 1 19 8 2009-07-08T08:42:32Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = This is your new site! 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Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 3 29 43 2013-03-28T18:59:56Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User talk:Lcawte/header}} 3559a9a3d5b050de27eb5d8307d77d116689c1d1 3 31 46 45 2013-08-21T21:30:04Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User:Solar Dragon/Talkheader}} ce291e93fb8d269830d46539397abfd041cbaa75 3 32 48 2018-07-01T16:27:28Z ShoutWiki 11 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi Naturewoman, thank you for choosing ShoutWiki to make your wiki. We would suggest that you start your wiki off by doing these few basic things: *Upload a logo. You can do this by uploading an image over [[:File:Wiki.png]]. (not available on some skins) *Design your [[Main Page]]. The main page is likely the first thing users will see. It should be attractive and catch the eye. *Start building content. All wikis need content to become the best they can be. 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[[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki staff]] 16:26, 1 July 2018 814070bf3175b486b584b83b9724ae0153dbc23f 0 33 49 2018-07-01T16:35:48Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "[[:en:naturism]] {{Other uses}} {{lead too short|date=September 2015}} [[File:At the nudist beach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|A group of naturists at a [[nude beach]] in [[Crimea]..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:naturism]] {{Other uses}} {{lead too short|date=September 2015}} [[File:At the nudist beach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|A group of naturists at a [[nude beach]] in [[Crimea]], 2008]] '''Naturism''', or '''nudism''', is a [[cultural movement|cultural]] and [[political movement]] practising, advocating, and defending personal and social [[nudity]], most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term may also refer to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudism.{{sfn|Choin|2002}} Naturism may take a number of forms. It may be practiced individually, within a family, socially, or in public. Additionally, there is also militant naturism, including campaigning, and extreme naturism is sometimes considered a separate category.{{sfn|Descamps|1987}} == Definition and lexicology == The XIV Congress of the [[International Naturist Federation]] ([[Cap d'Agde|Agde]], [[France]], 1974) defined naturism as: : ''a way of life in [[harmony]] with [[nature]] characterised by the practice of [[#Social_nudism|communal nudity]] with the intention of encouraging [[self-respect]], respect for others and for the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]].<ref name="Definition">{{cite web|last1=Deschênes|first1=Stéphane|title=The Official INF-FNI Definition of Naturism|url=http://www.inf-fni.org/content/download/28259/1110928/file/Official%20INF-FNI%20Definition%20Of%20Naturism.pdf|website=INF-FNI|publisher=International Naturist Federation|accessdate=11 January 2016|format=PDF|date=4 January 2016}}</ref> '' Several other terms ("social nudity", "[[public nudity]]", "[[skinny dipping]]", "sunning", and "clothes-free") have been proposed as alternative terms for naturism, but none has found the same widespread public acceptance as the older terms "naturism" and (in much of the United States) "nudism". People interested in social nudity can attend [[nude beach|clothes-free beaches]] and other types of ad-hoc nudist events. At these venues, participants generally need not belong to a [[nudist club]]. Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations feel that the practice of social nudity should be asexual. For various social, cultural, and historical reasons the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations often oversimplify the relationship between naturism and sexuality. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} [[File:Zwembad op naturistenterrein.JPG|thumb|Sign at a naturist [[swimming pool]] with a warning that no clothing (including underwear) is permitted.]] The International Naturist Federation explains: : '' "Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings."''{{sfn|Choin|2002|p=}}{{efn|The Hannover based ''Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung'' wrote "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity.}} The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.{{efn|In his book, ''Cinema Au Naturel'',{{sfn|Storey|2003|p=11}} author [[Mark Storey]] states "two related terms that we will continually run across are ''nudist'' and ''naturist''. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".}} Though in the United States, naturism and nudism have the same meaning,{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} in Britain there is a clear distinction.{{efn|The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in ''Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97''.{{sfn|Anon|1997|p=}} ''Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.''}} Nudism is the ''act of being naked'', while naturism is a ''lifestyle'' which at various times embraced nature, environment, respect for others, self-respect, crafts, healthy eating, vegetarianism, teetotalism, non-smoking, yoga, physical exercise and pacifism as well as nudity.{{efn|Ray Connett, Sunny Trails, in Sunbathing for Health Sept 1947 p 8, July 1957 p 14 writes that Naturism is a weasel word that can mean anything}}{{efn|Presently, [[Mark Storey]] is authoring an article detailing historical use of the terms naturism and nudism and how they differ between different cultures, countries, and time periods in history. In a telephone interview by Daniel Johnson on 15 April 2006 with Storey he stated that "a draft of the piece was posted on the "References" page of [[The Naturist Society]] [http://naturistsociety.com/ web site] for a few weeks". At the time of its former release in October 2004 it was titled ''Naturism, Nudism, or Nameless? A History of Terms'' He is planning on publishing a revised article as soon as additional information and errors are corrected.}} In naturist parlance, ''[[wikt:textile|textile]]'' or ''textilist'' is a non-naturist person, non-naturist behaviour or non-naturist facilities. e.g. ''the textile beach starts at the flag'', ''they are a mixed couple&nbsp;&ndash; he is naturist, she is textile''. ''Textile'' is the predominant term used in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] ('textilist' is unknown in British naturist magazines including ''[[H&E naturist]]''), although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. ''Textilist'' is said to be used interchangeably, but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for ''textile''.{{sfn|Mars-Jones|1991|p=152}} ''Clothing optional'' and ''nude optional'' (US specific) describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes. The opposite is ''clothing compulsory''; that is, prohibiting nudity. Adjectival phrases ''clothes free'' and ''clothing free'' prescribe where naturism is permitted in an otherwise textile environment, or define the preferred state of a naturist. The social nudity movement includes a large range of variants including "naturism", "nudism", "[[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK)", the "[[nude beach|free beach]] movement" as well as generalized "public lands/[[public nudity]]" advocacy. There is a large amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy, but differences between these separate movements remain contentious. : ''See also: [[issues in social nudity#Issues in social nudity#Labels, associations and terminology|labels, associations and terminology]] for an extended discussion and disambiguation''. ==Personal and family nudity== [[File:Carl Larsson Model writing postcards 1906.jpg|thumb|right|Personal nudity: [[Carl Larsson]], ''Model Writing Postcards'', watercolor, 1906]] {{Main|Nudity#Private nudity}} Many people are often nude in the privacy of their home or garden, either alone or with members of the family; naturists normally refer to them as at-home-nudists or closet-nudists. This may be occasional nudity or as a naturist lifestyle. There are differences of opinion as to whether, and if so to what extent, parents should appear naked in front of their children, and whether children should be nude within the home in the view of their family as well as visitors. This has attracted a great deal of academic study. A United States study by [[Alfred Kinsey]] (1948&ndash;1953) found that 75% of the participants stated that there was never nudity in the home when they were growing up, 5% of the participants said that there was "seldom" nudity in the home, 3% said "often", and 17% said that it was "usual". The study found that there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home.{{sfn|Bancroft|2003|p=}} <!-- Do not remove these images, Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images --> Gordon and Schroeder in 1995 reported that parental nudity varies considerably from family to family. They say that "there is nothing inherently wrong with bathing with children or otherwise appearing naked in front of them", noting that doing so may provide an opportunity for parents to provide important information. They note that by ages 5 to 6 children begin to develop a sense of modesty, and recommend to parents who wish to be sensitive to their children's wishes that they limit such activities from that age onwards.{{sfn|Gordon & Schroeder|1995|p=16}} Barbara Bonner in 1999 cautioned against nudity in the home if children exhibit sexual play of a type that is considered problematic.{{sfn|Bonner|2000|p=209-}} In a 1995 review of the literature, Paul Okami concluded that there was no reliable evidence linking exposure to parental nudity to any negative effect.{{sfn|Okami|1995}} Three years later, his team finished an 18-year longitudinal study that showed that, if anything, such exposure was associated with slight beneficial effects, particularly for boys.{{sfn|Okami et al|1998}} Smith and Sparks in their study on the effects of social nudity on children conclude that "the viewing of the unclothed body, far from being destructive to the psyche, seems to be either benign and totally harmless or to actually provide positive benefits to the individuals involved.{{sfn|Smith|Sparks|1986|p=183}} == Social nudism == {{See also|Exhibitionism}} The rhetoric of the nudism and anti-nudism movements emphasizes freedom from many of the normal constraints which regulate human interaction in nudist settings, although for different reasons. Using data from French and German beaches, this hypothesis was tested using five different indicators. Little significant variation between nudists and non-nudists within French and German settings is found in their patterns of interactional spacing, while more significant main effects for differences of cultures are found regardless of nudity status. As a subculture, nudists would appear to differ from nonnudists only in their propensity to like to sunbathe in the nude. Their nude status would appear to have none of the de-inhibiting effects often attributed to nudism. By contrast, clear cultural differences between German and French cultures are shown consistent with [[High- and low-context cultures|Hall's high-low context distinction]] and the [[Robert T. Francoeur|Francoeur]]'s hot-cool sexuality continuum.{{sfn|Smith|1980}} === Naturist facilities === At naturist organised events or venues clothing is usually optional, except by swimming pools or sunbathing lawns where complete nudity is expected, weather permitting. This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among some naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.{{sfn|Descamps|1987}} Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities, while non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, and rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} [[File:Outdoor bathing at Jhiben Hot Spring 20121110.jpg|thumb|right|Families bathing nude at a hot spring in Taiwan]] <!-- Can we crop this to remove triangle --> Some clubs have stricter entrance requirements than some traditional 'country clubs', including the requirement to supply references, a sponsoring member, a trial membership, committee approval or, criminal background checks. UK clubs are now required to have child-protection policies in place, and designated child-protection officers. Many clubs promote frequent social activities.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.{{sfn|Choin|2002|p=}} [[Nudist colony]] is no longer a favored term, but it is used by naturists as a term of derision for landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria, and in meta-data on naturist websites. A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. The center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] card, that is, be a member of their national organization, but some have relaxed this restriction, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers can be quite small, just a couple of hectares or large occupying over 300 hectares.{{efn|The three biggest centres on the [[Médoc]] are Euronat 335 ha, CHM 175 ha with a 3 km beach, and La Jenny 127 ha}} In a large holiday centre there will be swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families will visit each year.{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} A naturist resort is, to a European, an essentially urban development where naturism is the norm. [[Cap d'Agde]] in France, naturist village [[Charco del Palo]] on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, [[Vera, Spain|Vera Playa]] in Spain<ref>{{Citation|title=Vera Playa history article|url=http://www.veraplaya.info/history.html|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref> and Vritomartis{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=41}} in Greece are examples. Some residents use these resorts as a year-round home.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.<ref name="PalmSprings">{{cite web|url=http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |title=For a relaxed explanation |publisher=Sunnyfun.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025528/http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |archivedate=2013-03-08 |df= }}</ref> [[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK) literally translated as 'free body culture' is the name for the general movement in [[Germany]]. The abbreviation is widely recognised all over Europe and often found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach. === Nude beaches === [[File:Chihuahua20 01 2007 2.jpg|thumb|A sign at a nude beach in Maldonado, Uruguay.]] Clothing is optional at [[nude beach]]es (or "free beaches"). A feature of bathing on a nude beach is the anonymity it offers, with membership of a club not being required, nor detailed application processes, nor pre-booking of visits.{{Original research inline|date=September 2014}}{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} In some European countries, such as Denmark,<ref name="nn527"> [http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=527 Naturist net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429012925/http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=527 |date=2012-04-29 }} Scandinavia with geolocations</ref> all beaches are clothing optional, while in others like Germany and experimentally in France,<ref name="b-de-v">{{cite news|title=Revealed: Paris opens first nudist park but no voyeurs allowed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/revealed-paris-opens-first-nudist-park-no-voyeurs-allowed|accessdate=3 September 2017|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks, e.g., [[Englischer Garten#Schönfeldwiese and surroundings|in Munich]]<ref name="FKK-D8000">{{Citation|title=Ganz Muenchen article|url=http://www.ganz-muenchen.de/freizeitfitness/baden/fkk.html| accessdate=2007-11-27}}</ref> and Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://activenaturists.net/2008/07/08/active-naturists-in-berlin/ |title=Berlin |publisher=active naturists |date=2008-07-08 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are also clothing-optional, except some central urban beaches.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://activenaturists.net/crete/ |title=Crete |publisher=active naturists |date=2009-01-24 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://activenaturists.net/barcelona/ |title=Barcelona |publisher=active naturists |date=2012-04-20 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> === Naturism and sports === {{see also|Nude recreation|Nudity in sport}} Naturism encourages a healthy life style, and many naturist clubs at times organize and encourage members to take part in local and international sport events and competitions. The [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK)]] promotes recreational sports and is a member of the [[German Olympic Sport Federation]] ([[DOSB]]). === Festival naturism === [[File:People pix in the village.jpg|thumb|right|Naturist couple at the [[Nambassa]] festival, New Zealand, 1981]] From [[Woodstock]] to [[Edinburgh Festival|Edinburgh]], and [[Nambassa]] in the southern hemisphere communal nudity is commonly recorded at music and [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] festivals. The series of 1970s [[Nambassa]] [[hippie]] festivals held in New Zealand is a further example of non-sexualized naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa 3 day [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] Festival an estimated 35% of festival attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nambassa.com/johnlowe.html |title=Public nudity at Nambassa |publisher=Nambassa.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> preferring complete or partial nudity.{{sfn|Jones & Broadley|1979|p=}}' [[Roskilde Festival|Roskilde festival]] in Denmark hosts a naked run, that has become one of the most popular events there. Perhaps nowadays the biggest and most famous festival where participants spontaneously decide to go naked or take part in nude events is [[Burning Man]]: it's got its own naked bike ride aka 'Naked Pub Crawl', and a few camps organize activities in the nude, including the famous<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/naked-restaurant-paris-park-bunyadi-nude-cruise-nudist-resort-hotel-greece-pictures-a7346721.html|title=Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude|date=2016-10-05|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> oil wrestling by camp [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|Gymnasium]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://activenaturists.net/gymnasium-camp/|title=Gymnasium theme camp|date=2015-11-07|work=Active Naturists|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Posing nude at Burning Man.jpg|thumb|Naked participant at Burning Man 2016 posing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://activenaturists.net/2016/11/27/camp-gymnasium-at-burning-man-2016/|title=camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016|last=αNaturist|date=2016-11-28|website=Active Naturists|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref> as Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man.]] Florida Young Naturists<ref name="Florida Young Naturists FYN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefyn.com|title=Florida Young Naturists (FYN)}}</ref> has organized seasonal "Bashes" hosted by several Florida nudist/naturist clubs and resorts since 2008. Organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation)<ref name="Federación Nudista de México FNM">{{Cite news|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org|title=Federación Nudista de México (FNM)}}</ref> since 2016 when Zipolite beach nudity was legalized,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf|title=Declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nudist beaches by the municipality of San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca|date=2016-01-27}}</ref> FESTIVAL NUDISTA ZIPOLITE<ref>{{cite news|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/#events |title=Federación Nudista de México Events (Festival Nudista Zipolite)}}</ref> occurs annually on the first weekend of February. Nudist festivals are also held to celebrate particular days of the year, and in many such events nude [[bodypainting]] is also common, such as [[Neptune Day Festival]] held in [[Koktebel]], [[Crimea]] to depict mythological events;<ref>[https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/03/degeneration-x-buck-naked-jazz-on-a-black-sea-beac.html deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach]</ref><ref>[https://vimeo.com/140190277 Video of Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea]</ref> the [[Solstice Cyclists]] nudist events celebrating the [[summer solstice]] held in [[Fremont, Seattle]], [[United States]]; the [[Naked Pumpkin Run]] held in US to celebrate [[Halloween]]; and the [[World Naked Gardening Day]] held to celebrate gardening. <!-- needs to be expanded --> ===Summer naturism=== The prevalence of naturism tends to increase during the summer months especially when the temperature is higher with some regions experiencing first-time naturists and people who have transitioned to becoming a naturist.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McLellan | first1 = Josie | year = 2007 | title = State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom | url = | journal = The Journal of Modern History | volume = 79 | issue = 1| pages = 48–79 | doi=10.1086/517544}}</ref> Some studies have observed that among some of these naturists, they are clothed during other seasons, thus making them seasonal naturists.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Casler | first1 = Lawrence | year = 1964 | title = Some sociopsychological observations in a nudist camp: A preliminary study | url = | journal = The Journal of social psychology | volume = 64 | issue = 2| pages = 307–323 | doi=10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569}}</ref> This quiddity has caught the public perception and comprehension of public nudity, and thus it is frequently equated with summer destinations such as beaches.<ref>Moon, Storm. Naked In the Woods: A Guide to Spiritual Nudity. Lulu Press, Inc, 2012.</ref> == History == {{Main|History of nudity|l1=Nudity in History}} {{see also|Timeline of non-sexual social nudity}} Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many [[culture]]s at all time periods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://activenaturists.net/how-it-used-to-be/ |title=nudity as a social norm |publisher=active naturists |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> In Western society nowadays, social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of [[bathing]], swimming and in [[sauna]]s, whether in single-sex groups, within the family or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many tropical cultures until now, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://activenaturists.net/nudity-ok2/ |title=naked sport events throughout history |publisher=active naturists |date=2012-08-30 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> It is difficult to nominate exactly when naturism started as a movement. The word 'naturism' was used for the first time in 1778 by a French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), and was advocated as a means of improving the ''hygiène de vie'' or healthy living.{{efn|"Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".<ref name="Planchon">{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Planchon|first=Jean Baptiste Luc |title=La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3ZEAAAAcAAJ|year=1778|publisher=Varlé}}</ref>}} The earliest known naturist club in the "western" sense of the word was established in British [[India]] in 1891. The 'Fellowship of the Naked Trust' was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower, who was a [[District Courts of India|District and Sessions Judge]] for the [[Bombay]] [[Indian Civil Service|Civil Service]]. The commune was based in [[Matheran]] and had just three members at the beginning; Crawford and two sons of an [[Anglican]] missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood.{{efn|Crawford wrote a series of letters discussing his new club and its philosophy to the socialist [[Edward Carpenter]] between 1891 and 1892. In his letters to Carpenter, Crawford described his daily activities. : "Calderwood and I were up at Matheran having two days’ holiday to spend naked from breakfast to evening [...] in June, Calderwood and I had a grand day. We went away to a bungalow in the [[Tulsi Lake]] without servants and spent from dinner time Saturday till 5 pm Sunday in nature’s garb". The club's dress code required full nudity, with exceptions made for accessories such as rings and glasses. Members of the club had to be plainspoken about sexual related matters and all [[taboo]]s were consciously discarded. Carpenter suggested that a female branch should be added to the commune, although this was not achieved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Worlds-first-nudist-colony-was-in-Thane-and-this-man-proved-it/articleshow/16011435.cms|title=World's first nudist colony was in Thane (and this man proved it)|accessdate=2012-12-17}}</ref> }} The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to [[Ratnagiri]]; he died soon after in 1894.{{sfn|Farrar|2005}} [[File:Koch, Max (1854-1925) - 1897 - Freilicht - vmp 01.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Max Koch]]'s ''Freilicht'', 1897]] In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in [[Germany]] by Dr. [[Heinrich Pudor]], under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term ''Nacktkultur''. In 1906 he went on to write a three volume treatise with his new term as its title, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} [[Richard Ungewitter]] (''Nacktheit'', 1906, ''Nackt'', 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} Major promoters of these ideas included [[Adolf Koch]] and [[Hans Suren]]. Germany published the first journal of nudism between 1902 and 1932.{{sfn|Kennedy|2013|p=}} The wide publication of those papers and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism, in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, ''Freilichtpark'' (Free-Light Park), was opened near [[Hamburg]] in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} In 1919, German doctor [[Kurt Huldschinsky]] discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure [[rickets]] in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26935867 10 inventions that owe their success to World War One]</ref> In France in the early 20th century, the brothers [[Gaston Durville|Gaston]] and [[André Durville]], both of them physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept {{lang-fr|naturisme}}. The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism. Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s, in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and other European countries and spread to the [[United States]] where it became established in the 1930s. By 1951, the national federations united to form the [[International Naturist Federation]] or [[International Naturist Federation|INF]].{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure was put to designate beaches for naturist use. From the middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same&nbsp;– or better&nbsp;– standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} == Philosophy == [[File:Badstuga, efter illustration i Acerbis Travels, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|right|''Finnish Sauna'' (1802)]] Naturism had many different philosophical sources and means many things to different people.<ref name="Carter2003">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Michael|title=J.C. Flügel and the Nude Future|journal=Fashion Theory|volume=7|issue=1|year=2003|pages=79–101|issn=1362-704X|doi=10.2752/136270403778052203}}{{subscription|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> There is no one definition. In 1974, the INF defined naturism as: :: ''a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of social nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment.<ref name="Definition" /> At one end of the spectrum are the nudists who just enjoy a nude life style, and at the other are the naturists, who have deeply held beliefs and see communal nudity as just one of many important principles. The naturist philosophy has several sources, many of which can be traced back to early 20th century health and fitness philosophies in [[Germany]] and [[England]], although the concepts of returning to nature and creating equality have much deeper roots. <!-- moved from lead- needs integrating From Germany the idea spread to the rest of Europe and [[North America]] and beyond where a network of clubs developed. The model of [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|German naturism]] is to promote naturist family and recreational sports, with the [[DFK|German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK)]] being a member of the [[German Olympic Sport Federation]] ([[DOSB]]). [[France|French]] naturism developed on the basis of large [[vacation (travel)|holiday]] complexes. This in turn influenced [[Quebec]] and the United States. A subsequent development was [[tourism|tourist]] naturism, where nudist resorts would be built to cater for the nudist tourist, without any local base. This concept is most noticeable in the [[Caribbean]]. Nevertheless, most naturist activity takes place at local naturist clubs, especially in Western countries. --> <!-- Not placed correctly here --> === Gymnosophy and religious nakedness === {{see also|Gymnosophist|American Gymnosophical Association}} In the 4th century BC, [[Alexander the Great]] encountered, in India, wandering groups of naked holy men whom he dubbed the ''naked philosophers''. (''Gr ''gymnos'': naked; ''sophist'': knowledge''). The philosopher [[Onesicritus]] investigated their beliefs and lifestyle. [[Pyrrho]] the [[Sceptic]] was impressed and incorporated nudity into his philosophy. The Gymnosophists were [[Hindu]]s, but [[Jain]] and [[Ajivika]] monks [[Nudity in religion|practiced nudity as a statement]] that they had given up all worldly goods. Nudity was not a new concept to the Greeks as the [[Olympic Games]] (founded in 776 BC) were exclusively male and nude events. ''Gymnastics'' and ''gymnasium'' share the same root word (''Gr gymnos''). Historically, the [[Adamites]], a [[Gnostic]] sect, practiced [[Nudity in religion|religious nudism]]. Another religious sect, the [[Doukhobors]], migrated from Russia to western Canada. They practice or practiced occasional nudity, such as while working in the farm fields. Members of one of the three subdivisions of Canadian Doukhobors, the small radical [[Sons of Freedom (political group)|Sons of Freedom]] group, went so far in the 1900s as to publicly strip in mass public demonstrations to protest against government policies which were meant to assimilate them.<ref>* Jim Hamm Productions Limited ''Spirit Wrestlers'', a 2002 documentary video and DVD about the Russian Christian sect called Freedomite Doukhobors,</ref> Today, [[Christian naturism]] contains various members associated with most [[Christian denomination|denominations]]. Although beliefs vary, a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the [[Garden of Eden]], and God was displeased with [[Adam and Eve]] for covering their bodies with [[fig leaf|fig leaves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.figleafforum.com/resources_genesis.html |title="What Do The First Three Chapters Of Genesis Teach About Clothing?" by Ian B. Johnson, Fig Leaf Forum (note: articles such as this one are peer reviewed) |publisher=Figleafforum.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> The first English naturists adopted the name Gymnosophy as a thinly disguised euphemism for their pastime. The [[English Gymnosophical Society]] was formed in 1922 and became the [[New Gymnosophy Society]] in 1926; they purchased land at 'Bricketts Wood' to become Britain's first [[nudist colony]]. One of the first members was [[Gerald Gardner (Wiccan)|Gerald Gardner]], who in 1945 established the 'Five Acres Club' nearby, ostensibly as a nudist club, but as a front for [[Wicca]]ns, as [[witchcraft]] was illegal in England until 1951. The [[Digambar]], one of the two main divisions of the [[Jainism|Jain]] religion of India, remain [[Skyclad (Neopaganism)|skyclad]], or naked, though generally it is practiced by males.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Digambar means 'clothed with the sky'. [[Wicca]]ns have adopted this wording and some practice their rituals skyclad. === Naturist writers === * [[Elton Raymond Shaw]] was a [[Methodist]] churchman and publisher who wrote on the Body Taboo. * [[Heinrich Pudor]] wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book ''Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft'' (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then ''[[Nacktkultur]]'' (Nude Culture). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}0 * [[:de:Paul Zimmermann|Paul Zimmermann]] opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} * [[Richard Ungewitter]] wrote ''Die Nacktheit'' (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} * [[:de:Adolf Koch|Adolf Koch]], a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's ''Körperschülen'' schools.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} * [[:de:Hans Suren|Hans Surén]] taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote in 1924, ''Mensch und die Sonne'' (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} Later, in 1936, Surén proposed physical exercise and naturism as a means of creating a pure German race and of beauty. In the early 1940s he was out of favour and arrested. By 1945, he had turned full circle and was writing religious texts. Though never a member of any FKK club he was awarded honorary membership of the [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|DFK]] in 1952. * [[:de:Werner Zimmermann|Werner Zimmermann]] was Swiss. He promoted [[Progressive education]], encouraging naked [[Physical education]] to eliminate body guilt and to encourage openness that would lift the repression of the human spirit, which he saw as the cause of sexual deviation. The basic position was that the human body, in and of itself, was neither sinful nor obscene. This was adopted into the emerging philosophy that created the modern Western nudist movement. === Naturist ideals === [[File:Nude people at Praia do Abricó.jpg|right|thumb|Family in Praia do Abricó, [[Brazil]]]] Individuals have formed naturist groups for a variety of specific purposes.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} It is generally agreed by naturist organisations that [[eroticism]] and blatant sexuality have no place in naturism and are, in fact, antithetical to its ideals. Reasons that have at times been given: * [[ecology|Ecological]] or [[environmentalist|environmental]]&nbsp;— rapport with the natural world. * [[Health]]&nbsp;— bathing in the sun, fresh air and water ([[balneotherapy]], [[thalassotherapy]], [[heliotherapy]]). Sun is a form of medicine. * [[Healthy diet|Diet]]&nbsp;— Naturism has at times been associated with claims made for moderation with [[alcohol]], [[meat]], [[tobacco]], [[drug]]s; leading to a [[teetotal]], [[vegetarian]] or [[vegan]] lifestyle. * [[Nude psychotherapy|Psychologically]] — rapport with other humans including equality and respect. Being nude in groups makes all feel more accepted&nbsp;&ndash; physically, intellectually and emotionally.<ref name=autogenerated4/> * [[Spirituality]]&nbsp;— nudity, well being and direct contact to nature helps feel closer to the universe.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} * [[Pedagogy]]&nbsp;— children should be respected as equals instead of being patronised{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} * [[Social equality|Equality]]&nbsp;— clothes build social barriers. Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.<ref name=autogenerated4>Discussed in:{{Citation | last = Veltheim| first = Andrew| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing| year = | url = http://www.parama.com/html/naturism.html| accessdate =2012-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408070907/http://www.parama.com/html/body_naturism.html |archivedate=2010-04-08 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> * [[Liberty]]&nbsp;— no one has the right to tell others or their children that they must wear clothes. === Naturism and the romantics === [[Walt Whitman]] American writer, A Sun-bathed Nakedness: {{quote|Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me... Nature was naked, and I was also... Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation|title=Nakedness and Nature|url=http://www.naturistplace.com/nudity19.htm|website=Naturist Place|date=8 February 2003}}</ref>}} [[Henry David Thoreau]], ''In wildness is the preservation of the world.'', [[Walking (Thoreau)|Walking]]: {{quote|We cannot adequately appreciate this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It will elude us if we allow artifacts like clothing to intervene between ourselves and this Other. To apprehend it, we cannot be naked enough.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>}} Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of [[André Gide]]) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically [[Henri Matisse]] and other [[Fauvism|Fauve]] painters. This movement was based on the French concept of ''[[joie de vivre]]'', the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.{{sfn|Harrison & Perry|1993|p=}} === Naturism for health === [[Sunlight]] has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make [[vitamin D]],<ref name=bupa2004>{{Citation| last =BUPA's Health Information Team| first =| author-link =| last2 =| first2 =| author2-link =| title =Hot topic – Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer| date =24 March 2004| url =http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html| accessdate =2007-12-02| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070203050901/http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html| archivedate =3 February 2007| df =}}</ref> but with the increased awareness of [[skin cancer]], wearing of [[sunscreen]] is now part of the culture.<ref name=bupa2004/> Sun exposure prompts the body to produce [[nitric oxide]] that helps support the cardiovascular system and the feelgood brain-chemical [[serotonin]].<ref name="LindqvistEpstein2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lindqvist|first1=P. G.|last2=Epstein|first2=E.|last3=Landin-Olsson|first3=M.|last4=Ingvar|first4=C.|last5=Nielsen|first5=K.|last6=Stenbeck|first6=M.|last7=Olsson|first7=H.|title=Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=276|issue=1|year=2014|pages=77–86|issn=0954-6820|doi=10.1111/joim.12251|pmid=24697969}}</ref><ref name="WellerPattullo1996">{{cite journal|last1=Weller|first1=Richard|last2=Pattullo|first2=Simon|last3=Smith|first3=Lorna|last4=Golden|first4=Michael|last5=Ormerod|first5=Anthony|last6=Benjamin|first6=Nigel|title=Nitric Oxide Is Generated on the Skin Surface by Reduction of Sweat Nitrate|journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=107|issue=3|year=1996|pages=327–331|issn=0022-202X|doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363167}}</ref> There are also documented psychological benefits of naturist activities including greater [[life satisfaction]], more positive [[body image]], and higher [[self-esteem]].<ref name="West2017">{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Keon|title=Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction|journal=Journal of Happiness Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=677|year=2017|issn=1389-4978|doi=10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1|url=http://research.gold.ac.uk/19949/}}</ref> ===World Naked Bike Ride=== [[File:Naked Bike Ride - Holborn - 12 June 2016.JPG|thumb|WNBR passing [[Holborn tube station|Holborn underground station]] 11 June 2016]] The [[World Naked Bike Ride]] (WNBR) is an international [[clothing-optional bike ride]] and exercise in [[public nudity]], that has developed outside the organised naturism movement. Participants plan, meet and ride together ''en masse'' on [[human-powered transport]] (the vast majority on [[bicycle]]s, but some on [[skateboard]]s and [[inline skates]]), to "deliver a vision of a cleaner, safer, body-positive world."<ref name="WNBRwebsite">[http://worldnakedbikeride.org Official WNBR global web site] circa June 2004</ref> The WNBR shares some aspects of the philosophy of naturism in that it promotes a return to healthy exercise in unpolluted air at the same time promoting positive body image. == Demographics == * In 1999, the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] commissioned a national survey on Canadian attitudes towards nudity<ref name=fcnstat>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/survey-on-naturism-in-canada |title=1999 National Survey on Canadian Attitudes Towards Nudity |year=1999 |work=Federation of Canadian Naturists |publisher=Federation of Canadian Naturists |location=Ontario, Canada |accessdate=2011-09-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003072728/http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/survey-on-naturism-in-canada |archivedate=2011-10-03 |df= }}</ref> which found that 8.9% of Canadian have visited or would visit a naturist facility. A further 11.6% have gone or would go skinny dipping in mixed company; that 39% go naked in their own homes; that naturists tend to have above average incomes; that urban dwellers are more likely to be naturist than country dwellers; and that the under 25s are the most likely to be naturists. * In 1983, the Naturist Society in the United States sponsored a Gallup poll, which was repeated in 2000,{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} which found the following: {| class="wikitable" |+ '''USA: 1983/2000 Gallup poll''' |- ! Year ! colspan="2" | 1983 ! colspan="2" | 2000 |- ! Question ! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | Yes !! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | No ! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | Yes !! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | No |- | Do you believe that people who enjoy nude sunbathing should be able to do so without interference from officials as long as they do so at a beach that is accepted for that purpose? | style="text-align:center;" | 72 || style="text-align:center;" | 24 | style="text-align:center;" | 80 || style="text-align:center;" | 17 |- | Local and state governments now set aside public land for special types of recreation such as snowmobiling, surfing and hunting. Do you think special and secluded areas should be set aside for people who enjoy nude sunbathing? | style="text-align:center;" | 39 || style="text-align:center;" | 54 | style="text-align:center;" | 48 || style="text-align:center;" | 48 |- | Have you, personally, ever gone "skinny dipping" or nude sunbathing in a mixed group of men and women at a beach, at a pool, or somewhere else? | style="text-align:center;" | 15 || style="text-align:center;" | 83 | style="text-align:center;" | 25 || style="text-align:center;" | 73 |} * In 2005 the British CCBN commissioned a survey of members,<ref name=CCBN164>{{Citation|last= |first= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=BN Members Questionnaire |journal=British Naturism |volume=164 |issue= |page=26 |date=Summer 2005 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org |doi= |id= |issn=0264-0406 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824072145/http://british-naturism.org/ |archivedate=2007-08-24 |df= }} and two next issue.</ref> which found that, among British people: <!-- Do not remove these images, Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images --> <!-- rm selfie better images available --[[File:Body painting 20.jpg|thumb|upright|A nudist couple at a [[bodypainting]] event in [[Santa Barbara Summer Solstice Parade]], USA, 2012]] --> {| class="wikitable" |+ '''How we (British people) discovered naturism:''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Beach abroad || style="width:50pt;"| 29% |- | Beach in UK || 20% |- | Newspaper || 15% |- | Friend || 9% |- | Parents || 8% |- | Conviction || 6% |- | TV/Radio || 5% |- | The Web || 3% |- | ''H&E'' magazine || 3% |- | Other || 2% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Ever been member of a club?''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Yes || style="width:50pt;"| 58.5% |- | No || 41.5% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Do you use UK naturist beaches?''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Often || style="width:50pt;"| 22.4% |- | Sometimes || 40.1% |- | Rarely || 18.7% |- | Never || 18.7% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''If you use a naturist holiday facility abroad:''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Self-catering || style="width:50pt;"| 58.5% |- | Hotel || 41.5% |- | Own Tent || 12.7% |- | Hire Caravan || 10% |- | Own Caravan || 8.7% |- | Bed and Breakfast || 6.6% |- | Friends || 4.4% |- | Motor home || 4.2% |- | Own accommodation || 3.1% |- | Hire Tent || 2.4% |- | Other || 3.3% |} == In Europe == <!-- Needs to be rewritten and sourced. === Croatia === Croatia has been an attractive naturist destination for five decades. Today there are more than 30 official naturist campsites, tourist villages, hotels, apartments, beaches and numerous more unofficial naturist bathing places. Naturism is well accepted all along Croatian Adriatic coast. There are official naturist beaches which are sometimes within all naturist resorts and campings and sometimes there are special areas in textile resorts assigned for naturists. Often entrance is charged. Then there are so called free beaches which are known to be naturist for many years, but not officially. Those places are mostly clothing optional. And finally there are wild beaches where one can freely choose to be bare or to keep swimming suit on. Naturist beaches are marked with signs saying "FKK" for "Freikörperkultur," German for Free Body Culture. Unofficial beaches are sometimes called free beaches. Croatia's naturist facilities often focus on different visitor categories, including families, adults, gays, and those where everyone is welcome. Beaches also often are sectioned into these categories. Many naturist beaches (official or not) are within walking distance from centers of towns, villages or resorts. Many of the regular beaches have also a naturist section, usually at the end of the beach. Croatia has long been popular for bare-all beach holidays, especially with German and Dutch nudists. Koversada, an island linked by bridge to the Istrian mainland, is the oldest among 30 official naturist resorts. All are indicated by "FKK" signs but there are also scores of unofficial strips.{{cn|date=November 2013}} -->{{main|List of social nudity places in Europe}} === Finland === In [[Finnish culture]], nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing in a sauna, swimming in a pool, or playing on a beach, and it's not unusual to see children playing naked in a kindergarten or family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than many other countries.<ref>Mapes, Terri. [http://goscandinavia.about.com/od/finland/qt/nudism_finland.htm "Nudism in Finland"]. ''about travel''. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Terp, Peter. [http://spotnaked.com/naturism-in-finland/21/ "Naturism in Finland"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Duner, Paul. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UR8yAQAAIAAJ&q=nudism+in+finland&dq=nudism+in+finland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3OSJVZO5EOHNmwXU64CQDw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA "A year and a day"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Woycke, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6iAPCjYBW6AC&pg=PA163&dq=nudism+in+finland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3OSJVZO5EOHNmwXU64CQDw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=nudism%20in%20finland&f=false "Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>White, Linda. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lSVutEV2wksC&q=nudism+in+finland&dq=nudism+in+finland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3OSJVZO5EOHNmwXU64CQDw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA "The Independent Woman's Guide to Europe"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref> === France === {{main|Naturism in France}} In 1903 la ''[[Revue des deux mondes]]'' published a report on [[Freikörperkultur|German naturism]] and S. Gay created a naturist community at Bois-Fourgon. In 1907, supported by his superiors, Abbé Legrée encouraged the students at his Catholic college to bathe nude on the rocky beaches near [[Marseille]]. [[File:CapdAgde crop.jpg|thumb|right|Sign at [[Cap d'Agde]] mentioning that it is obligatory to be nude at this beach]] Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine ''Vivre intégralement'' (later called ''Vivre'') and the first French naturist club, ''Sparta Club'' at Garambouville, near [[Evreux]]. The court action that he initiated, established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} [[File:Nude hiking in Gard.jpg|thumb|left|Randonue in [[Les Concluses]], [[Gard]], 2008]] Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought a 70 hectare site on the [[Île du Levant]] where they established the village of [[Île du Levant|Héliopolis]]. The village was open to the public. In 1925 Dr François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on [[heliotherapy]]. and in that year opened the ''Club gymnique de France''. In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but after disagreements left and In 1944 Albert and Christine Lecocq founded the ''Club du Soleil'' with members in 84 cities. In 1948 they founded the [[:fr:Féderation Française de Naturisme|FFN]], in 1949 they started the magazine, ''Vie au Soleil'' and in 1950 opened the [[CHM Montalivet]], the world's first naturist holiday centre where the [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] was formed.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} The naturist village [[Leucate]] and [[Cap d'Agde]] offers a different form of social nudity. [[Euronat (naturist resort)|Euronat]] is the largest holiday centre (335ha) situated 10&nbsp;km north of Montalivet. Naturism employs more than 3000 people, and is estimated to be worth 250 million Euro to the French economy.<!-- ref needed --> France is represented on the [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] by the [[:fr:Féderation Française de Naturisme|FFN]]. === Germany === {{main|Naturism in Germany}} {{See also|Freikörperkultur}} German naturism was part of the [[Lebensreform]] movement and the [[Wandervogel]] youth movement of 1896, from [[Steglitz]], [[Berlin]] which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time doctors of the [[:de:Naturheilbewegung|Natural Healing Movement]] were using [[heliotherapy]], treating diseases such as [[Tuberculosis|TB]], [[rheumatism]] and [[scrofula]] with exposure to sunlight.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} [[File:Naked woman in inner city 3.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[nude]] woman moves in a busy market in Germany, while other people carry on with their routine activities, 2005.]] Nacktkultur, a term coined in 1903 by [[Heinrich Pudor]], flourished.{{sfn|Toepfer|1997|p=}} Nacktkultur connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform. It was practised in a network of 200 members clubs. The movement gained prominence in the 1920s as offering a health giving life-style with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal between 1902 and 1932.{{sfn|Kennedy|2013|p=}} It became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breaking down of society. It became associated with [[pacificism]].{{sfn|Hau|2003|p=}} In 1926, [[Adolf Koch]] established a school of naturism in Berlin; encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929, the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity.{{sfn|Toepfer|1997|p=}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0905-402, Ostsee, Sonnenbad.jpg|thumb|left|Young East German women at a naturist beach in 1988]] During the [[Nazism|National Socialist]] ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' era, all naturist clubs had to register with the ''Reichsbund für Leibesübungen'', which meant excluding [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[Communism|Communists]]. Also, they had to keep all activities hidden in the countryside where there was little chance of being seen by others. The status as a West German ''sports federation'' member gave the clubs rights and privileges (e.g. tax exemptions) so the naturist clubs remained in the federation after the war had ended. After the war, [[East Germany|East Germans]] were free to practice naturism, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations being regarded as potentially subversive). Naturism became a large element in DDR politics. The ''Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung'' subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60,000 members.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} Today, following [[German reunification|reunification]] there are many clubs, parks and beaches open to naturists.{{sfn|Choin|2002|p=}} though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=The Guardian view on nudity: grin and bare it|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/the-guardian-view-on-nudity-grin-and-bare-it?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Gmail|accessdate=11 August 2017|work=The Guardian|date=11 August 2017}}</ref> Germans are typically the most commonly seen foreigners at nude beaches in France and around Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/|title=amadelio.de|accessdate =2007-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328233409/http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/ |archivedate=28 March 2012 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> === Greece === Public nudity is prohibited in [[Greece]] and there are no official nude beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greekisland.co.uk/greeks/greek-faqs.htm|title=Greek Island FAQ {{!}} tourist travel guides to the Greek islands|website=www.greekisland.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.gtp.gr/2013/08/14/nude-beaches-in-greece-where-to-bare-it-all/|title=Nude Beaches In Greece: Where To Bare It All - GTP Headlines|date=2013-08-14|work=GTP Headlines|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-US}}</ref> There are, however, numerous unofficial nude beaches especially on the islands frequented by tourists, like [[Crete]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greek-islands.us/crete/crete-nudist/|title=Nudist Beaches in Crete|website=www.greek-islands.us|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> [[Mykonos]] or [[Karpathos]] but also on smaller islands like [[Skopelos]] or [[Skiathos]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2014/07/25/greeces-most-amazing-nudist-beaches/|title=Greece's Most Amazing Nudist Beaches {{!}} GreekReporter.com|website=greece.greekreporter.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> where nudity is tolerated, usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/greek-islands-with-nude-beaches-1524446|title=Nude Beaches on the Greek Islands, from A to Z|work=TripSavvy|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> === Italy === Public nudity is prohibited in [[Italy]] and can be punished with high fines,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nudismus#Europa |title=Nudismus – Reiseführer auf Wikivoyage |accessdate=2017-11-23 |language=de}}</ref> but in the recent decade, a few [[Regions of Italy|regions]] have created naturism laws to help the tourism industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturismo#Legislazione |title=Naturismo – Wikipedia |accessdate=2017-11-23 |language=it}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=January 2018}} There are only a few permitted nude beaches in those regions, where nudity is allowed without risking legal consequences. On all other public beaches in Italy as well as normally tolerated nude beaches, [[Law enforcement in Italy|police]] can potentially impose substantial fines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Bigotte-Politiker-verderben-den-Spass-article19986675.html |title=FKK in Italien: Bigotte Politiker verderben den Spaß |accessdate=2017-11-23 |language=de}}</ref> === Poland === First reported naturist society was established in 1897 in [[Grudziądz]]. In pre-war and post-war [[Poland]], naturism was practised in closed and secluded areas. Reported places for naturism were [[Zaleszczyki]] (in today's [[Ukraine]]) and [[Otwock]]. Under the [[communist|communism]] regime, Poland's naturism became unofficial and was practiced mostly by the artistic boheme near [[Krynica Morska]], [[Misdroy]] and Dębki. In the early 1980s naturism became popular mostly due to increased interest in [[News media|media]]. As the [[pop music|pop]] song "Chałupy Welcome To" (about the naturist beach in Chałupy, featuring beach nudity in the clip) became the 1985 [[summer hit]] in Poland, the nude seaside locations like [[Chałupy]] or [[Rowy, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Rowy]] became known to an average Polish sunbather. Polish Naturist Society was formed and after the number of [[lawsuit]]s, naturism became tolerated in selected "unofficial" beaches and distant spots. <!-- Do not remove these images, Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images --> [[File:Woodstock Poland 2014 -- FKK.jpg|thumb|right|Nude men at the [[Przystanek Woodstock]] festival, 2014]] In today's Poland naturism is practiced in number of the seaside and inland beaches. Most Polish beaches are actually [[Free beach|clothes-optional]] rather than naturist. Among the most popular locations are [[Misdroy|Misdroy-Lubiewo]], Grzybowo, [[Rowy, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Rowy]], Dębki, [[Gdańsk|Gdańsk-Stogi]] and Piaski. The most popular inland locations include [[Warsaw]] (Wał Miedzeszyński), Kazimierz Dolny and Kryspinów near [[Kraków]]. In the winter season, naturism is practiced by organized groups in [[Warsaw]] and [[Tricity, Poland|Tri-City]]. Public naturist events are held bi-monthly in [[Poznań|Poznań-Koziegłowy]] and [[Łódź]] [[waterparks|waterpark]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} === Portugal === {{main|Naturism in Portugal}} Naturism in Portugal had its first historical record around 1920, linked to the Portuguese Naturist Society, of which the anarcho-syndicalist José Peralta was a prominent member. Nudity was already being practiced on [[Costa da Caparica]] beaches. With the beginning of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|New State]] authoritarian regime in the 1930s, the naturist movement was limited to vegetarian and alternative medicines, since nudity was banned and associated to the crime of "indecency". Only after the end of the New State regime in 1974 (April, 25th) the activities linked to the practice of nudity were resumed. The ''Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo'' (Portuguese Naturist Federation) or FPN was founded on the March 1st, 1977, at a meeting in Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpn.pt/sobre_nos/quem_somos_en.php|title=Home > About Us > Who We Are|publisher=Portuguese Naturist Federation|accessdate=2 February 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081647/http://www.fpn.pt/sobre_nos/quem_somos_en.php|archivedate=3 February 2017|df=}}</ref> At the present, there are seven official naturist beaches in Portugal. Besides these, there are several dozens of beaches were the practice of naturism is common. There are also several naturist campings and resorts.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} === Slovenia === Beginnings of naturism in Slovenia started in the year 1852, when a 29 year old Swiss physician [[Arnold Rikli]] visited [[Bled]] for the first time. In the following years he started to promote healthy way of living, because he considered water, air and light<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zupanic-Slavec|first1=Z|last2=Toplak|first2=C|title=Water, air and light--Arnold Rikli (1823-1906)|journal=Gesnerus|date=1998|volume=55|issue=1–2|pages=58–69|pmid=9684537|doi=10.5169/seals-520867}}</ref> to be the source for his healing therapy. He continued to build [[spa]] centers which included [[light therapy]] and [[hydrotherapy]] treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resonantfm.com/a-very-brief-history-of-red-light/|title=A Very Brief History of Red Light|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> His first visitors were most likely [[pilgrim]]s from Slovenia and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] region who visited the church on Bled island. When the word has spread across Europe, other visitors started visiting Bled known for Rikli's healing therapy. A method used in the healing therapy process included [[sunbathing]] and visitors were often seen walking nude in public. Rikli continued to promote his healing tourism for the next 52 years, when he lived in Bled. === Spain === [[File:Nudist-Textile couple in Cabo de Gata, Spain.jpg|thumb|Nudist man and textile woman on a beach in Spain.]] Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444&tn=1&p=20150428#a185|title=BOE.es - Documento consolidado BOE-A-1995-25444|website=www.boe.es|language=es|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> However, people do not normally use this right to be naked to do it anywhere, and most usually perform this activity in places where nudism is a tradition. There are however some municipalities (like [[San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain|San Pedro del Pinatar]]) where public nudity has been regulated (banned) by means of [[By-law|by-laws]]. Other municipalities (like [[Barcelona]], [[Salou]], [[Platja de Palma]] and [[Sant Antoni de Portmany]]) have also used these provisions to regulate the practice of semi-nudism, forcing people to cover their torso on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right ([[freedom of expression]], as they understand that nudism is a way of self-expression) cannot be regulated with this mechanism. Some judicial instances have ruled in favour of nudist associations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.europapress.es/catalunya/noticia-federacion-espanola-naturismo-recurre-tsjc-prohibicion-nudismo-barcelona-20110717185055.html|title=La Federación Española de Naturismo recurre ante el TSJC la prohibición del nudismo en Barcelona|last=Press|first=Europa|date=2011-07-17|work=europapress.es|access-date=2017-12-03|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/la_buena_vida/tendencias/localidades-multan-vas-camiseta-calle_0_2300169989.html|title=Cuatro localidades donde te multan si vas sin camiseta por la calle|work=El Confidencial Digital|access-date=2017-12-03|language=es}}</ref> Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition on naturism. In [[Vera, Spain|Vera]] ([[Andalusia]]), there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations that constitute some kind of nudist town. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturismo.org/adn/calendario.html|title=Calendario actividades 2017. ADN: Asociación para el Desarrollo del Naturismo de la Comunidad de Madrid|website=www.naturismo.org|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> (like hiking on the mountains close to Madrid), but these kind of activities are negligible. Madrid municipality enables nudist use of some of their public swimming pools one day during summer. Textile use of traditionally nudist public spaces (like beaches or streets nearby) is allowed, mainly due to lack of regulation. Mixed groups of nudist and textile individuals are frequent in these kind of spaces. In order to chase voyeuristic persons away, nudist people will normally clap their hands. Legal aspects regarding topless are analogue to those regarding nudism, but social tolerance towards topless is higher. This let people not cover their breasts in public swimming pools and on any beach in Spain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20170811/43474195994/espanolas-topless.html|title=Las españolas son las que más topless y nudismo hacen|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> === United Kingdom === {{main|British Naturism}} [[File:BrightonFKKStrand5843.JPG|thumb|left|Duke's Mound, [[Brighton]]. The naturist section of the beach is protected by an artificial bank of shingle]] [[File:WNBR Brighton 2014 04.jpg|thumb|People at the [[World Naked Bike Ride]] in [[Brighton]], 2014]] In the [[United Kingdom]], the first official nudist club was established in [[Wickford]], [[Essex]] in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for [[British Naturism]] the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground, ''Moonella'', and called its site [[The Camp (Naturism)|The Camp]]. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the [[New Gymnosophy Society]]. This society had been founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the [[English Gymnosophical Society]]. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 [[High Holborn]] in London, the headquarters of the [[Women's Freedom League]]. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by an "aristocracy" of the original members, all of whom had "club names" to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land.<ref name=bntimeline>{{Citation|last=Farrar |first=Michael |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=The history of naturism – a timeline |date= |year=2007 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=50 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019033149/https://british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=50 |archivedate=2010-10-19 |df= }}</ref><ref name=bnmoonella>{{Citation|last=Farrar |first=Michael |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=The Moonella Group |date= |year=2007 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205201517/https://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42 |archivedate=2008-12-05 |df= }} </ref> <!-- [[File:WNBR Brighton 2014 04.jpg|thumb|upright|At the [[World Naked Bike Ride]] in Brighton, 2014]]-- better image now used--> By 1943 there were a number of these so-called "sun clubs" and together they formed the [[British Sun Bathers Association]] or BSBA. In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split off to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC. In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.<ref name=bntimeline/> The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the [[British Naturism|Central Council for British Naturism]] or [[British Naturism|CCBN]]. This organisation structure has remained much the same but it is now called [[British Naturism]] which is often abbreviated to BN.<ref name=bntimeline/> BN is currently a [[company limited by guarantee]]. The first official nude beach was opened at [[Fairlight Glen]] in Covehurst Bay near [[Hastings]] in 1978 (not to be confused with [[Fairlight Cove]], which is 2&nbsp;km to the east) followed later by the beaches at [[Brighton]] and [[Fraisthorpe]]. [[Bridlington]] opened in April 1980.<ref name=bntimeline/> == In North America == === Canada === In [[Canada]], individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. After 1940 they had their own Canadian magazine, ''Sunbathing & Health'', which occasionally carried local news. Canadians had scattered groups in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club, formed in 1939, and continues today in North Vancouver, BC.,{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} and, in Ontario, the Sun Air Club. Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later, the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} Most of those clubs united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in the breakup of CSA into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next decade and a half, leading to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA continues today as the American Association for Nude Recreation&nbsp;– Western Canadian Region (www.aanr-wc.com), a region of the [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR) which itself was formerly known as the ASA.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} In 1977 the [[La Fédération Québécoise de Naturisme|Fédération québécoise de naturisme]] (FQN) was founded in Quebec, by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. In 1985 the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the [[FQN-FCN Union]] as the official Canadian representative in the [[International Naturist Federation]] (INF).{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} === United States === <!-- Nude beach is important aspect of many Naturists' lives. So if u wish to remove the below given pic, plz discuss on Talk page before doing that --> [[File:Haulover-skinny-dipping.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.7|A group of naturists at [[Haulover Park]], USA]] {{see also|American Association for Nude Recreation|List of social nudity places in the United States}} In 1925, Katherine and Herman Shoshinki were familiar with nudism from Germany from 1918 to 1923. Kurt Barthel founded the [[American League for Physical Culture]] in 1929 and organized the first nudist event. In about 1930 they organized the [[American Gymnosophical Association]]. Barthel founded America's first official [[nudist]] camp, Sky Farm in [[New Jersey]], in May, 1932.<ref>Ellensburg Daily Record, Aug 2, 1932</ref> Around 1932, AGA established the [[Rock Lodge Club]] as a nudist facility in [[Stockholm, New Jersey]] and [[Ilsley Boone]], a [[Dutch Reformed]] minister, formed the [[Christian naturism]] movement. Naturism began expanding nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clothesfree.com/history.html |title=The History of Social Nudism – Nudist History |publisher=Clothesfree.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/a-brief-history-of-naturism-nudism History of Naturism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002734/http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/a-brief-history-of-naturism-nudism |date=2013-12-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html |title=Body Acceptance: A Brief History of Social Nudity |publisher=Lupinlodge.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019234814/http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html |archivedate=2012-10-19 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nef.oshkosh.net/Toni_Egbert_Library/US_District_Courts/Roberts_v__Clement/roberts_v__clement.html |title=Roberts v. Clement |publisher=Nef.oshkosh.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> Nudism venues were teetotal until 1970,<ref>The Bulletin (AANR), March 2010, p.6</ref> The [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR) is the national naturist organization. [[Arnd Krüger]] compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects (''Zuchtwahl'') were important for the breakthrough (e.g. the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events), while in the U.S. nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties.{{sfn|Krüger|1992|p=343}} The AANR withdrew from the INF in 2010.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{clarify|date=September 2015}}<!-- what's this mean to U.S. nudism? --> In 2008, a young adults group organized as Florida Young Naturists<ref name="Florida Young Naturists FYN"/> held their first Naked Bash which has since been repeated 3-4 times a year, growing into one of the largest young naturist gatherings in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/top-10-reasons-to-get-totally-nude-at-the-florida-young-naturists-naked-spring-bash-nsfw-6424673|title=Top 10 Reasons to Get Totally Nude at the Florida Young Naturists' Naked Spring Bash|last=|first=|date=|website=New Times Broward-Palm Beach|access-date=}}</ref> In 2009, a campaign to promote Nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by AANR to record the largest simultaneous Skinny Dip at several U.S. Clubs and beaches, occurring on July 11 of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wreckbeach.org/archive/AANRWorldRecordSkinnyDipFinal.pdf|title=The AANR World Record Skinny-Dip|last=|first=|date=|website=Wreck beach|access-date=}}</ref> In 2010, A new organization formed called [[Young Naturists and Nudists America]] which was mostly focused around the younger generation as well as social issues, such as [[body image]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Fallon |first=Claire |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/25/nudism-problems_n_7647806.html |title=Take It Off! The Fine Art Of Getting Naked In A Clothed World |publisher=huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.natcorn.org.uk/young-naturists-america-is-closing-in-2017/ |title=Young Naturists America is closing in 2017; The End of Young Naturists America, Inc.|date= |accessdate=2018-03-16}}</ref> In 2014, an organization called Unconstitutional Arkansas was created to highlight the unconstitutionality of laws that prohibit or impede nudism. The organization uses Arkansas law § 5-68-204 as a case study, but claims all anti-nudism laws infringe the constitutional right to assemble.<ref name="UnconstitutionalArkansas.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.UnconstitutionalArkansas.org |title=Arkansas Law § 5-68-204 Violates First Amendment Rights |publisher=UnconstitutionalArkansas.org}}</ref> ===Mexico=== [[File:Zipolite Playa Nudista.png|thumb|upright=0.7|frame|Banner announcing 2016 legalization of nudity at Playa Zipolite]] Beach nudity in [[Playa Zipolite]] is legal.<ref name="legal" /> Elsewhere, Mexican law condemns only "immorality" and thus the issue ends up being a matter of the judge's criteria. Private libertine/lifestyle type resorts exist in Mexico that might not be characterized as Naturist. (see [[List of social nudity places in North America#Mexico]]) [[Zipolite]], [[Oaxaca]] As of 2016, [[Playa Zipolite]] is Mexico's first and only legal public [[nude beach]].<ref name=legal>{{Cite web|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf|title=Municipal declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nude optional beaches by the Cabildo de San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca|date=2016}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11848026 |title=What it was like to stay at the Nude Hotel in Zipolite, Mexico |last=Ditzian |first=Danielle |date=2017 |website= |publisher=NZ Herald |access-date= |quote=''Zipolite is a small, little-known town on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It not only boasts being the only legal nude beach in Mexico, but is often likened to a town stuck in the 1960s. With the entire beach being clothing optional, it is unlike anywhere else I have ever had the pleasure of visiting''.}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturistaction.org/newsletter/Newsletter__01-10.pdf |title=The Ups and Downs of a Mexican Nude Beach Proposal |last=Storey |first=Mark |date=2010 |website= |publisher=Naturist Action Committee |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> A "free beach" and unofficially nudist for more than 30 years, this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country. The numerous nudists, and the long tradition, make it safe for nudism and naturism. Annually since 2016, on the first weekend of February, Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clarin.com/viajes/desfiles-baile-poca-ropa-festival-nudista-zipolite_0_H1CVqONUz.html|title=Parades, dance, and few clothes at the Zipolite Nudist Festival |last= |first= |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Clarín, Argentina |access-date= |quote=''Thousands of visitors arrived on the weekend of February 3 and 4 … to participate in the 2018 Nudist Festival…''}}</ref> organized by the Federación Nudista de México.<ref name="Federación Nudista de México FNM"/> * Hotel Nude<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nudezipolite.com/|title=Hotel Nude, Playa Zipolite}}</ref> is Zipolite's first nude-optional resort/hotel. == In Asia == Generally, public nudity in Asia is not tolerated. However, some traditional, religious or cultural nudity has survived the introduction of Western moral values against nudity, such as the Jain Digambara monks in India, hot springs in Taiwan and Japan, and some traditional tribes in Papua. Nudism and naked recreation is slowly developing in some countries, mainly Indonesia (Bali) and Thailand. Nudists meet on the internet (e.g. Bareskinasia.com) and organize activities in remote or private locations. Several nudists also have their own blogs.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} === Indonesia === In the seventies, nudity on [[Bali]]'s remote and deserted beaches was common but with the massive growth of tourism, this practice has disappeared. In 2002, nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach, the last beach in [[Seminyak]] that tolerated discreet nudity. Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts. Laki Uma Villa, the first naturist facility to open, was for gay men only. Bali au Naturel, the first adult-only nudist resort for both genders, opened its doors in 2004. It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added from two more swimming pools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unseen Bali|url=http://www.unseenbali.org|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref> === Nepal === Nudism is considered [[taboo]] in [[Nepal]]. Although there are no laws governing nudism, people may be detained, arrested and fined for public nudity. Nevertheless, many [[Hindu]] male sages practice nudism and they are not legally detained. Nudist sages can be seen in [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} === Thailand === Nudism has been successfully introduced in [[Pattaya]] (Chan Resort and more recently La Sala Villa), and several other small nudist resorts have been created all over [[Thailand]]. A gay hotel and sauna (Sansuk Hotel) located in Pattaya now also authorizes nudity in and around the swimming pool.<ref>[http://66.199.190.19/~sgt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=27690 Nudity and naturism in Pattaya] Sawatdee Gay Thailand {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206045956/http://66.199.190.19/~sgt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=27690 |date=2014-12-06 }}</ref> == Issues in social nudity == {{main|Issues in social nudity}} Naturism addresses, challenges and explores a myriad of sometimes [[taboo]] subjects: stereotypes and mores relating to the nude appearance of the human body, mixed [[sex]] nudity, [[personal space]], [[human sexuality]], [[gymnophobia]], [[modesty]], [[physical attractiveness]], [[vanity]], [[objectification]], exploitation and [[consent]]. It can thus be controversial. Descamps assembled a list of criticisms of naturism: it is too cold; normal bodies look ugly—it is only for the physically beautiful; it is too embarrassing; it is against the laws of nature, against the law, or against religion; "[[nudity and sexuality|nudism makes me think of sex]]"; it is for primitive people or animals.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Naturism can sometimes contain aspects of eroticism, although the debate about this is often simplified and seen negatively in the media and the public mind and by many modern naturists and naturist organisations. Historically the experience and discussion of erotic feelings during naturist activities such as dance and gymnastics played an important part in early Germanic naturism and formed part of its 'positive' connection with nature. However, it was when naturism arrived in the more sexually conservative cultures of the UK and the United States that the expression and discussion of eroticism within naturism became frowned upon.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} Smith states {{quote|the main reason younger people are not becoming naturists is the inability of modern naturism to engage with the issue of sexuality. While it is true that "naturism became popular in Germany...as a healthy outdoor lifestyle", this lifestyle also included a recognition that, socially, nudity could sometimes be erotic. It was only when naturism arrived in a more sexually conservative Britain that sexual feelings were censored out to make naturism culturally acceptable.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} }} This statement is in response to the quote "The world of naturism is in trouble. Membership is falling, and fewer young people than ever are getting involved. Has the great nude adventure run its course? "{{sfn|Barkham|2007}} Smith and King pose the [[Issues in social nudity#Sexual wellbeing|further points]] in their 2009 peer reviewed paper ''Naturism and Sexuality:broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing ''{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} === Issues for the naturist community === Many countries and states have laws which adversely affect naturists. Oftentimes, these laws are intended to address "indecent exposure", but are so broadly written that they criminalize ordinary, non-sexual nudity. Some laws, however, specifically target naturism. For example, in [[Arkansas]] in the United States, not only is nudism illegal (even on private property), it is a crime to "promote" or "advocate" (i.e. express a favourable opinion about) nudism.<ref name="UnconstitutionalArkansas.org"/> Any social group is said to go through four phases: [[Forming-storming-norming-performing|forming, storming, norming, performing]], wrote [[Bruce Tuckman]] in 1965. In this context one can understand some of the current pressures on various aspects of naturism: * Naturist club isolation: established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} * A family movement in a time of social change: a change in needs and expectations, away from one of a permanent commitment towards one of change and choice. * Multi-gen preferences: each generation is a specific social group which needs to have its own norms that are consistent with common rules. * Clubs vs. holiday centres: organizations with different roots find it difficult to establish common rules. The contention between those espousing a year-round commitment to an ideal, and those who see it as summer-only recreation. Club naturism is declining, while the number of people that assume naturist facilities will be available at any holiday resort is rising. The number of users of free beaches may exceed the number of people who wish to join a club.<!-- Please add a statistic --> * Paid staff and volunteers: many clubs were established as cooperatives, but the values change when a few members put in the capital or work needed.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} This became more difficult when some members were paid to act as site managers.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} * Infiltration by other groups: for many years clubs had strict "No singles" policies to maintain the family nature of the club.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Many other social groups practice non-family nudism, whether it be social singles, [[Homosexuality|gay]] naturists or [[Swinging (sexual practice)|swingers]]. * [[Exhibitionism|Exhibitionists]] and [[Voyeurism|voyeurs]]: as unwelcome in a naturist community as in a clothed community.<ref name="CCBN172">{{Citation | last =Boura | first =Malcolm | title = Campaigning | journal =British Naturism | volume =BN 172 | issue = | page = 31 | date =Summer 2007 | url = | doi = | id = | issn = 0264-0406}}</ref> * Risk of being filmed in nude without permission, such as at nude beach. Such photos and videos can then be put on internet. * Sunburn and skin cancer. *Large numbers of clothed people visit clothing optional and nudist beaches and make the naturists feel uncomfortable, "like they've become a spectacle".<ref name="abc2016">{{Cite web | title = Broome nudists in battle for beach as naturism declines | last = Parke | first = Erin | work = ABC News | date = 24 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-24/is-public-nudity-on-the-wane-in-australia/7653938 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="cbc._Getn">{{Cite web | title = Get naked or take a hike, angry nudists tell 'lookie-loos' | author = | work = CBC News | date = 21 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/nudists-canada-overexposure-turf-war-1.3689094 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="thes_Hanl">{{Cite web | title = Hanlan’s Point nudists want beach-goers to bare all | last = Botelho-Urbanski | first = Jessica | work = Toronto Star | date = 20 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/07/20/hanlans-point-nudists-want-beach-goers-to-bare-all.html | quote = }}</ref> * An issue, a decade ago in naturist resorts like [[Cap d'Agde]] has been the clash between "fundamentalist" naturists and the [[Swinging (sexual practice)|échangistes]] who are sexually open <!--(including those who do [[oral sex]], [[group sex]] or practise [[BDSM]])--> on the naturist beaches and bars.<ref name="outrage">{{Cite web | title = Outraged villagers protest over open-air sex at naturist beach | author = Kim Willsher | work = Guardian News | date = 7 Nov 2010 | accessdate = 28 Dec 2017 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/nov/07/open-air-sex-nudist-beach }}</ref> === Magazines === Magazines published by, for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped: * Magazines published by an "official" national organisation, such as ''BN'' ([[British Naturism]]), ''Going Natural/Au naturel'' ([[Federation of Canadian Naturists|FCN/FQN]]), ''Nude & Natural Magazine'' [[The Naturist Society|TNS]], ''gonatural'' (New Zealand Naturist Federation). * Independent magazines published for naturists, such as ''Naturally'', ''[[H&E naturist]]'' and ''TAN'' (acronym of ''The Australian Naturist''). * Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models, which are disapproved of by many naturists and non-naturists alike. Magazines in the second and, occasionally, third grouping feature naturist editorial and advertising, while some naturists argue over which magazines belonged in which of these categories&nbsp;– these views may change as publishers and editors change. Many clubs and groups have benefitted from magazines which, while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character, made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} (These days, the information and advertising provided online, and the wide availability of free online porn, has meant the disappearance of old-style 'skin' magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as or alongside naturist content. Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed&nbsp;– they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour.) Some naturists still feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved-of photographic content.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} === Photography, films and videos === Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds, though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media as the norm.<ref name=telegraph >{{Citation | last = Edwards| first = Adam| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Stark naked ambition| date = 10 May 2006 | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/05/10/ftnude10.xml&sSheet=/arts/2006/05/10/ixartright.html | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | publisher = [[Sunday Telegraph]]}} gives a history of naturism, written in a personal style that attempts to use this type of humour.</ref> Some commercial 'naturist' DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children. Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to paedophile inclinations, and ownership of these DVDs (and their earlier video cassette incarnations) has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children.<ref name=crowther1>{{Citation | title = Gay reverend fined over 'indecent' images of boys | url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/gay-reverend-fined-over-indecent-images-of-boys-26300917.html | accessdate = 3 April 2014 | work = Irish Independent }}</ref><ref name=crowther2>{{Citation|title=Rector found guilty over indecent images |date=29 June 2007 |url=http://www.4ie.ie/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=63004 |accessdate=4 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304193047/http://www.4ie.ie/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=63004 |archivedate= 4 March 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref name=ocarroll1>{{Citation | title = Paedophile campaigner walks free | work = BBC News online | date = 26 November 2002 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2516383.stm | accessdate = 3 April 2014}}</ref> One case was appealed, unsuccessfully, to the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref name=ocarroll2>{{Citation | title = O'Carroll vs the United Kingdom | date = 15 May 2005 | url=http://echr.ketse.com/doc/35557.03-en-20050315/view/ | accessdate = 3 April 2014}}</ref> The precedents set by the court cases mean that possession in Britain of any naturist image of a child is, potentially, grounds for prosecution. Photo shoots, including major high-profile works by [[Spencer Tunick]], are done on public places including beaches.{{efn|Photography in public nude beaches Nudists who visit public nude beaches may be photographed by [[street photography|street photographers]], [[social documentary photography|social documentary photographers]], [[photojournalism|photojournalists]] or other kinds of photographers without the nudists' knowledge and in the United States and most democratic countries the photographers have the law on their side as no individual has an [[expectation of privacy]] in a [[public place]] and photographers are not required to have the naturists' consent before photographing them or publishing and selling the pictures or videos.{{sfn|NJ|2011}} In many countries there exist private nudist areas in which photography is not allowed and naturists who wish to not be photographed can enjoy their activities there. However, naturists who wish to not be photographed in public nude beaches have found various ways to make the photographers leave the beach, such as photographing the photographer and publishing such photos. Some nude beaches provide fences that block the view from nearby streets.<ref>[http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g147317-d155079-i25617439-Club_Ambiance-Runaway_Bay_Saint_Ann_Parish_Jamaica.html Trip Advisor]</ref> }} <!-- This paragraph needs to be developed expanded and floated as a separate page --> <!-- Needs ref and maybe a naturist magazines list page --> <!-- ==Terminology== * ''Clothist'' is a term describing someone who does not practice social nudity.-- Is there a reference for this term?-- Never heard it used in Europe. Supported by Korky Day * ''[[Gymnophobia]]'' is an irrational fear or anxiety about being seen naked, or about seeing others naked. === Humour === * A ''cottontail'' is a term describing someone whose [[buttocks]] are paler than his or her legs and back, caused by [[sun tanning]] while wearing a swimsuit. (US specific) * In uniform, ie nude.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} * A ''[[acomoclitism|shaved]]'' individual or ''smoothie'' is one who shaves off much of his/her body hair, including the pubic hair. This is so common now- does the word still exist? It sounds derogatory * ''[[Topfree]]'' means bare-chested (leaving chest and breasts uncovered), or a place that allows uncovered female and male chests. The term was coined by activists to use instead of the term "topless", which has a negative connotation to some, in part because it is used by strip clubs. Naturist women felt they'd rather be "free" than "less". Topless is also used. Is this not a historical term that is no longer current? --> <!-- Recent research has begun to explore this complex and historical relationship while highlighting how erotic experiences within naturism may actually enhance sexual wellbeing and be a positive force within naturism.<ref name=smithking/> --> <!-- {{POV-statement|date=November 2008}} Summary of chapter 1, of Descamps which is referenced above-- this subsection is about opinions- please suggest better wording on the talk page --> <!-- See talk page for discussion of Nikki Craft- and her display of disturbing links --> <!-- Those inexperienced in social nudity often say that they fear that it contributes to an imbalance of power between men and women. {{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} They say that women and children are more vulnerable when nude, and can be exploited.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} While that might be true in a situation of commercial nudity, such as a strip club, women advocates of social nudity assert the opposite, especially in an established nude group. The men are nude there as well, no money is changing hands, nor is anyone in any sense giving a "performance". No one pays to be nude and no one is being paid to be nude. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Padding --> <!-- Move to new page: * [[Arkansas]], which calls itself "The Natural State" on its licence plates, has made it illegal for people to advocate nudism under code 5-68-204 section C which states: : "''It is unlawful for any: : ''(1) Person, club, camp, corporation, partnership, association, or organization to advocate, demonstrate, or promote nudism; or '' : ''(2) Person to rent, lease, or otherwise permit his or her land, premises, or buildings to be used for the purpose of advocating, demonstrating, or promoting nudism.''" its none too easy to do in Saudi Arabia either --> <!-- Some people believe that the naked human body is to be accepted, respected, cherished, and enjoyed. They believe it is not inherently shameful, corrupting, degrading, or dangerous. Many of them enjoy clothes free activities. They reject views that being naked with other people is morally wrong ([[indecent exposure|indecent]]), [[sexual]] ''per se'' ([[erotic]] or [[pornographic]]). They argue that nakedness is a healthy, [[nature|natural]] state, that being nude is to be in the purest form, since everyone was [[birth|born]] nude. They generally find that they quickly become so accustomed to being nude among nudes that it no longer seems very remarkable. It is, rather, simply one part of their [[lifestyle]]. --> <!-- Practitioners say that they are not pruriently interested in seeing others naked (which, if for sexual pleasure, is called [[voyeurism]]) or in being seen naked by others (likewise: [[exhibitionism]]). --> == See also == {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Bodypainting]] * [[Breastfeeding in public]] * [[Clothing-optional bike ride]] * [[Clothes free organizations]] * [[List of places where social nudity is practised]] * [[Naked party]] * [[Nude swimming]] * [[Timeline of non-sexual social nudity]] * [[Young Naturists America]] * [[Public nudity]] * [[Streaking]] ** [[Streaking at educational institutions]] * [[Topfreedom]] * [[Toplessness]] {{div col end}} == Footnotes == {{notelist|2}} == Notes == {{Reflist|30em}} == References == {{refbegin|2}} === Monographs === * {{cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=Mrs. Frances |last2=Merrill|first2=Mason |title=Among the Nudists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LGBAAAAMAAJ|year=1931|publisher=A. A. Knopf|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Daley|first=Caroline |title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hoffman|first=Brian S. |title=Naked: A Cultural History of American Nudism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RUICAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9053-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Anon|1997|p=}}|author=Anon|title=Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb_RPAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Moorland Publishing Company, Limited|isbn=978-90-6716-833-5}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Anon|2002|p=}}|author=Anon|title=Naked Places: A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhBmAAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Mercury Productions|isbn=978-0-9656089-3-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bagby & Erikso|1993|p=}}|first1=Julie |last1=Bagby|first2=Arne |last2=Erikso|title=North American Guide to Nude Recreation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTA2AAAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=American Association for Nude Recreation (A A N R)|isbn=978-1-882033-05-8}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bancroft|2003|p=}}|first=John |last=Bancroft|title=Sexual Development in Childhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bibbgdfPg3AC|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34243-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Barcan|2004|p=}}|last=Barcan|first=Ruth |title=Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53-AAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-872-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Basford et al|1998|p=}}|first1=David|last1=Basford|first2=Stéphane |last2=Deschênes|first3=Paul |last3=Rapoport |title=The Canadian Guide to Naturist Resorts & Nude Beaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X1gPwAACAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Federation of Canadian Naturists|isbn=978-0-9682332-1-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Baxandall|1997|p=}}|first=Lee|last=Baxandall|title=World Guide to Nude Beaches & Recreation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4StAAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Naturist Society|isbn=978-0-934106-21-4|author-link=Lee Baxandall}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bellamy|1987|p=}}|first=Guy|last=Bellamy|title=The Nudists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPzVAQAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-14-009772-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bonner|2000|p=209-}}|first=Barbara L. |last=Bonner |editor=Howard Dubowitz|others=Diane DePanfilis |title=Handbook for Child Protection Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37dhPVW-NXUC&pg=PA209 |year=2000|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-1371-9|chapter=When does sexual play suggest a problem?}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Carr-Gomm|2012|p=}}|first=Philip |last=Carr-Gomm|title=A Brief History of Nakedness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rwBFAz-En0C|date=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-729-9}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Charles & Mayhew-Smith|2004|p=}}|first1=Mike |last1=Charles|first2=Nick|last2=Mayhew-Smith|title=Bare Beaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6GIAAAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=LifeStyle|isbn=978-0-9544767-1-7}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Choin|2002}}|first=Mireille |last=Choin|title=World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n9nQEACAAJ |year=2002|publisher=International Naturist Federation.|isbn=978-90-5583-833-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Clark|1993|p=}}|last=Clark|first=Kenneth |title=The Nude: A Study of Ideal Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCBjPwAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-14-017336-9|author-link=Kenneth Clark}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Clarke|1982|p=}}|last=Clarke|first=Magnus |title=Nudism in Australia: A First Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N4FAgAACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Deakin University Press|isbn=978-0-949823-08-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Daley|2013|p=227–}}|first=Caroline|last=Daley|title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Darter|2011|p=}}| first=Larry |last=Darter|title=American Nudist Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msuhZwEACAAJ |date=2011 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-4611-1638-7}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Descamps|1987|p=}}|first=Marc-Alain |last=Descamps|title=Vivre nu: psychosociologie du naturisme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUoPQAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Trismégiste|isbn=978-2-86509-026-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Descamps|2005}}|title=Histoire de Montalivet et des Naturistes du Medoc|first=Marc-Alain|last=Descamps|date=2005|publisher= Editions Publimag|isbn=2-9524240-0-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Egger & Egger|2009|p=180}}|first1=Liz|last1=Egger|first2=James|last2=Egger|title=The Complete Guide to Nudism and Naturism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnFqngEACAAJ |year=2009|publisher=Wicked Books|isbn=978-0-9562313-0-7}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Goodson|1991|p=}}|first=Aileen |last=Goodson|title=Therapy, Nudity & Joy: The Therapeutic Use of Nudity Through the Ages, from Ancient Ritual to Modern Psychology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE6aAAAACAAJ |date=1991 |publisher=Elysium Growth Press |isbn=978-1-55599-028-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Gordon & Schroeder|1995|p=16}}|first1=Betty N. |last1=Gordon|first2=Carolyn S. |last2=Schroeder|title=Sexuality: A Developmental Approach to Problems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0nHGzRyb6gC |date=31 May 1995|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-45040-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Harrison & Perry|1993|p=}}|first1=Charles |last1=Harrison|first2=Gillian |last2=Perry|title=Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fMCLqhEKYoC|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05516-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hartman et al|1971|p=}}|last1=Hartman|first1=William E. |last2=Fithian|first2=Marilyn |last3=Johnson|first3=Donald |title=Nudist Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lFmlwEACAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Avon}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hau|2003|p=}}|first=Michael |last=Hau|title=The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUYf5MbSYgC|year=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31974-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hollander|1993|p=}}|last=Hollander|first=Anne |title=Seeing Through Clothes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSItqzbG9nIC|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08231-1}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Jones & Broadley|1979|p=}}|first1=Judith |last1=Jones|first2=Colin |last2=Broadley|title=Nambassa: A New Direction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrk2mwEACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=A. H. & A. W. Reed|isbn=978-0-589-01216-8}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Kennedy|2013|p=}}|first=Hubert |last=Kennedy|title=Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0a7aAAAAQBAJ|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-99203-5}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Krüger|1992|p=}}|first=Arnd|last=Krüger|authorlink=Arnd Krüger|editor=Norbert Finzsch & Hermann Wellenreuther|title=Liberalitas: Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65. Geburtstag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHdS3QcNMcoC&pg=PA4|year=1992|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-05656-4|chapter=Zwischen Sex und Zuchtwahl. Nudismus und Naturismus in Deutschland und Amerika}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Lunceford|2012|p=}}|first=Brett |last=Lunceford|title=Naked Politics: Nudity, Political Action, and the Rhetoric of the Body|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAbKvVF5nYcC|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-6709-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Mars-Jones|1991|p=152}}|first=Adam |last=Mars-Jones|editor=Giles Gordon and David Hughes|title=The Minerva book of short stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcHo2VGy-WcC|year=1991|publisher=Minerva|isbn=978-0-7493-9085-3|chapter=Summer Lightning}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Mcallister & Mcallister|2005|p=}}|first1=Byron|last1=Mcallister|first2=Kay|last2=Mcallister|title=Undercover Nudist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCSZPQAACAAJ|date=2005|publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1-59431-186-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Miles|2006|p=}}|last=Miles|first=Margaret R. |title=Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the Christian West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pLAwAAQBAJ|year=2006|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-59752-901-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Nead|2002|p=}}|last=Nead|first=Lynda |title=The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2uIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-97276-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Norwood|1933|p=}}|last=Norwood|first=C. E. (Revd) |title=Nudism in England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_C2PAAACAAJ |year=1933|publisher=Douglas}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Parmelee|1952|p=}}|last=Parmelee|first=Maurice |title=Nudism in Modern Life: The New Gymnosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQ47ngEACAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Sunshine Book Company}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Schneider|2009|p=41}}|last=Schneider|first=Andreas |title=Kreta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNZYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=DuMont Reiseverlag|isbn=978-3-7701-7231-3|language=German}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Shantz|2013|pp=226-}}|last=Shantz|first=Mary-Ann|editor=Patrizia Gentile & Jane Nicholas|title=Contesting Bodies and Nation in Canadian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1387-4|chapter=Nudity as Embodied Citizenship and Spectacle: Pageants at Canada's Nudist Clubs, 1949 to 1975}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Smith|first1=Dennis Craig |last2=Sparks|first2=William |title=The Naked Child: Growing Up Without Shame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whagAQAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Elysium Growth Press|isbn=978-1-55599-000-8}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Storey|2003|p=}}|first=Mark |last=Storey|authorlink=Mark Storey|title=Cinema Au Naturel: A History of Nudist Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOMNAAAACAAJ|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Naturist Education Foundation, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-9740844-0-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Toepfer|1997|p=}}|first=Karl Eric |last=Toepfer|title=Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvYUZh75WwC|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91827-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Williams|2007|p=}}|last=Williams|first=John Alexander |title=Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900-1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGemAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0015-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Worpole|2000|p=}}|last=Worpole|first=Ken |title=Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-Century European Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RwIw9XMszQC&pg=PA45|date=1 December 2000|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-073-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Woycke|2003|p=}}|first=James|last=Woycke|title=Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iAPCjYBW6AC|year=2003|publisher=FCN|isbn=978-0-9682332-3-8}} === Journal articles === * {{Citation |ref={{sfnref|Buchy|2005}}| last = Buchy| first = Philip Edward| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = A Nudist Resort, thesis for MA| publisher = Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Department of Architecture| volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | year = 2005| url = https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/6?101387268215227:P0_SEARCH:NO:| accessdate = 2007-11-29 | doi = | id = | issn = }} * {{cite journal| author =| last =Martin| first =Richard| last2 =| first2 =| date =1991| title =The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing| url =| journal =Utopian Studies| publisher =Penn State University Press| volume =| issue =4| pages =79–84| doi =| jstor =20718951| ref = {{sfnref|Martin|1991 }}}} * {{Cite journal| title = Becoming a nudist| last= Weinberg|first= Martin S.| journal= Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes| date = 1966| accessdate = 2014-08-14| url = http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1966-11065-001| volume= 21| issue= 1| pages=15–24}} * {{Cite journal| title = Does Shedding one's Clothes Imply Shedding one's Culture? A Crosscultural Test of Nudism Claims| first= H. W. |last=Smith| journal= International Review of Modern Sociology| date = 1980| volume=10| issue=2| pages=255–268| jstor=41420756| url =| ref={{sfnref|Smith|1980}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=B.|first1=J. B.|title=Criminal Law and Procedure: Indecent Exposure: Nudism|journal=Michigan Law Review|volume=33|issue=6|year=1935|page=936|issn=0026-2234|doi=10.2307/1281779|jstor=1281779}} * {{cite journal|last1=Barcan|first1=Ruth|title='The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': Female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze |journal=Continuum |volume=15|issue=3|year=2001|pages=303–317|issn=1030-4312|doi=10.1080/10304310120086795}} * {{cite journal|last1=Barcan|first1=Ruth|title="Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns |journal=Fashion Theory |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=63–82 |issn=1362-704X |doi=10.2752/136270404778051870}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=D.|last2=Holliday|first2=R.|title=Naked as Nature Intended|journal=Body & Society |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |year=2000 |pages=127–140|issn=1357-034X|doi=10.1177/1357034X00006003007}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bullough|first1=Vern L.|title=In memory of William Hartman|journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=34 |issue=4 |year=1997|pages=427–428|issn=0022-4499|doi=10.1080/00224499709551910}} * {{cite journal|last1=Cleminson|first1=Richard|title=Making sense of the body: anarchism, nudism and subjective experience|journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies|volume=81|issue=6|year=2004|pages=697–716|issn=1475-3820|doi=10.1080/1475382042000272256}} * {{cite journal|last1=Crosby|first1=Donald A.|title=Naturism as a Form of Religious Naturalism |journal=Zygon|volume=38|issue=1|year=2003|pages=117–120|issn=0591-2385|doi=10.1111/1467-9744.00484}} * {{cite journal|last1=Daley|first1=Caroline|title=From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=31|issue=1|year=2005|pages=149–167|issn=0305-7488|doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.020}} * {{cite journal|last1=Downs|first1=J. F.|title=: Social Nudism in America . Fred Ilfeld, Jr., Roger Lauer.|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=68|issue=1|year=1966|pages=260–262|issn=0002-7294|doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00600}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kerin|first1=Rani|title='Natives Allowed to Remain Naked': An Unorthodox Approach to Medical Work at Ernabella Mission|journal=Health and History|volume=8|issue=1|year=2006|page=80|issn=1442-1771|doi=10.2307/40111530|jstor=40111530}} * {{cite journal|last1=Makarova|first1=Veronika|title=Doukhobor ‘freedom seeker’ nudism: Exploring the sociocultural roots |journal=Culture and Religion |volume=14|issue=2|year=2013|pages=131–145|issn=1475-5610|doi=10.1080/14755610.2012.706228}} * {{cite journal|last1=McLellan|first1=Josie|title=State Socialist Bodies: East German Nudism from Ban to Boom*|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=79|issue=1|year=2007|pages=48–79|issn=0022-2801|doi=10.1086/517544}} * {{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=N. J.|title=Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain|journal=Cultural Geographies|volume=16|issue=3|year=2009|pages=283–308|issn=1474-4740|doi=10.1177/1474474009105049}} * {{cite journal|last1=Okami|first1=Paul|last2=Olmstead|first2=Richard|last3=Abramson|first3=Paul R.|last4=Pendleton|first4=Laura|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=27|issue=4|year=1998|pages=361–384|issn=0004-0002|doi=10.1023/A:1018736109563|ref={{sfnref|Okami et al|1998}}|title=Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Nudity and Scenes of Parental Sexuality ("Primal Scenes"): An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Outcome|pmid=9681119}} * {{cite journal|last1=Okami|first1=Paul|title=Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and "primal scenes": A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence|journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=32|issue=1|year=1995|pages=51–63|issn=0022-4499|doi=10.1080/00224499509551774|ref={{sfnref|Okami|1995}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Schrank|first1=S.|title=Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburbs|journal=Journal of Urban History|volume=38|issue=4|year=2012|pages=635–661|issn=0096-1442|doi=10.1177/0096144211434988}} * {{cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=M. S.|title=Marguerite S. Shaffer on the Environmental Nude|journal=Environmental History|volume=13|issue=1|year=2008|pages=126–139|issn=1084-5453|doi=10.1093/envhis/13.1.126-a|jstor=25473196|subscription=yes }} * {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Glenn|last2=King|first2=Michael|title=Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing|journal=Health & Place|volume=15|issue=2|year=2009|pages=439–446|issn=1353-8292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=H. W.|title=A modest test of cross-cultural differences in sexual modesty, embarrassment and self-disclosure|journal=Qualitative Sociology|volume=3|issue=3|year=1980|pages=223–241|issn=0162-0436|doi=10.1007/BF00987137}} * {{cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=H. C.|title=Social nudism and the body taboo.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=40|issue=2|year=1933|pages=160–183|issn=0033-295X|doi=10.1037/h0073466}} * {{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Martin S.|title=Sexual Modesty, Social Meanings, and the Nudist Camp|journal=Social Problems|volume=12|issue=3|year=1965|pages=311–318|issn=0037-7791|doi=10.2307/798936|jstor=798936}} * {{cite journal|last1=Woodall|first1=Ellen E.|title=The American Nudist Movement: From Cooperative to Capital, the Song Remains the Same|journal=The Journal of Popular Culture|volume=36|issue=2|year=2003|pages=264–284|issn=0022-3840|doi=10.1111/1540-5931.00006}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lempa|first1=Heikki|title=Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900–1940 (review)|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=21|issue=2|year=2012|pages=350–352|issn=1535-3605|doi=10.1353/sex.2012.0032}} === Newspaper articles === * {{Cite web| title = A stitch in time| first= Patrick |last=Barkham| work = The Guardian| date = 31 May 2007| accessdate = 2014-08-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,2091657,00.html| ref= {{sfnref|Barkham|2007}}}} * {{Cite web| title = Nudity can be erotic and naturists should not have to deny it| first= Glenn |last=Smith| work = the Guardian| date = 6 June 2007| accessdate = 2014-08-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/06/comment.comment| ref= {{sfnref|Smith|2007}}}} *{{Cite web | title = Going naked in public - unspoken rules | last = Schneider | first = Kate | work = NewsComAu | date = 23 February 2016 | accessdate = 2016-04-27 | url = http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/adventure/the-rules-of-going-naked-in-public/news-story/b32fe64a4db995e803c16ff2711d51de | quote = }} === Websites === * {{Citation |ref={{sfnref|Anderson |2000}}|last =Anderson | first =Howard | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Why be a naturist: Statistics| date = | year = 2000| url = http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm| accessdate=24 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219220940/http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm |archivedate=19 December 2008 |deadurl=yes}} * {{Citation|ref={{sfnref|Farrar|2005}}|last=Farrar|first=Michael|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028021435/http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44|url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44|date=9 November 2005|title=The Fellowship of the Naked Trust|issn=0264-0406|archive-date=2011-08-30|accessdate=14 Feb 2014|deadurl=yes}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=Howard|last2=Monterrubio|first2=Juan Carlos|last3=Miller|first3=Amanda|title=‘Gay’ tourists and host community attitudes|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research |volume=12|issue=6|year=2010|pages=774–786|issn=1099-2340|doi=10.1002/jtr.792}} * {{cite web| first= Kathleen |last=O'Brien| title = Visitors of N.J. nude beach face the increasing threat of lurking photographers| work = The Star Ledger| accessdate = 2014-07-30| date = 2011-07-03| url = http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/07/visitors_of_nj_nude_beach_face.html}} * {{cite web| ref=harv| first= Michelle |last =Higgins| title = No Shoes, No Shirt, No Worries| work = New York Times| accessdate = 2014-07-30| date = 2008-04-27| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/travel/27nude.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&}} * {{cite web| title = The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S.| first= Jennifer|last= Hile| work = National Geographic News| date = 21 July 2004| publisher = National Geographic Society| accessdate = 2014-08-09| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_tvnude.html| language =| quote =}} * {{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Montananaturist.org}}|url=http://montananaturist.org/Articles%20on%20Nudism%20-%20What%20is.html |title=Montana Naturist website |publisher=Montananaturist.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}} {{refend}} === A bibliography of the economic impacts of naturism === * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Crick|first=Malcolm |title=Resplendent Sites, Discordant Voices: Sri Lankans and International Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fV0gGacvJZQC|year=1994|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-3-7186-5564-9}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Theobald|first=William F. |title=Global Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_gqz7u9iboC&pg=PA123|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7506-7789-9}} * {{Cite journal| title = Demanding Vacation ''au naturel'': European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera| first= Stephen L. |last=Harp| journal= The Journal of Modern History|volume= 83|issue= 3|date=September 2011|pages=513–543|jstor=10.1086/660365|subscription=yes| doi=10.1086/660365}} * {{Cite journal| title = Local societies faced with nudist tourism. Results of a qualitative study on the Pacific coast of Mexico| last1 = Monterrubio|first1= J. C|last2= Jaurand|first2= E.| journal=Téoros, Revue de Recherche en Tourisme| issn= 0712-8657| date = 2009|volume=28|issue=2|pages=83–92| accessdate = 2014-09-23| url = http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103064065.html| quote =}} == External links == {{Wikivoyage|Naturism}} {{wiktionary|naturism}} {{Wikiquote|Nudity}} <!--* [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/948 Dr Joseph Melling reviews Carr-Gomm's ''A Brief History of Nakedness''] * [http://daphnesensei.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/nudity-nudism-two-essays/ Nudity & Nudism&nbsp;– two essays] not sure what this adds --> * [http://www.inf-fni.org/ International Naturist Federation] * [http://www.naturisme.be/ Federatie van het Belgisch Naturisme] (FBN) * [http://federacionnudistademexico.org/ Federación Nudista de México] (FNM) * [http://www.naturistliving.bareoaks.ca/ Naturist Living Show] * [https://felicitysblog.com/ Felicity's Blog - Comprehensive Resource about Nudism and Naturism] * {{dmoz|Recreation/Nudism|Naturism}} * [http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/nudity_in_public/ UK Crown Prosecution Service - Nudity in Public] * [http://www.fenait.org/index.php/en/ Federazione Naturista Italiana] * [http://www.chron.com/life/article/David-Kaplan-This-HISD-skinny-dip-was-no-fun-1566999.php Discussion of nude swimming in American Junior High Schools up to the 1960s] {{Commons and category|Naturism}} {{Nudity}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Naturism| ]] [[Category:Public nudity]] [[Category:Social theories]] [[Category:Underground culture]] [[Category:Utopias]] 7240236973cf0cf9c34099075cee3c595540888a 50 49 2018-07-01T16:38:13Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:At the nudist beach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|A group of naturists at a [[nude beach]] in [[Crimea]], 2008]] '''Naturism''', or '''nudism''', is a [[cultural movement|cultural]] and [[political movement]] practising, advocating, and defending personal and social [[nudity]], most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term may also refer to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudism.{{sfn|Choin|2002}} Naturism may take a number of forms. It may be practiced individually, within a family, socially, or in public. Additionally, there is also militant naturism, including campaigning, and extreme naturism is sometimes considered a separate category.{{sfn|Descamps|1987}} == Definition and lexicology == The XIV Congress of the [[International Naturist Federation]] ([[Cap d'Agde|Agde]], [[France]], 1974) defined naturism as: : ''a way of life in [[harmony]] with [[nature]] characterised by the practice of [[#Social_nudism|communal nudity]] with the intention of encouraging [[self-respect]], respect for others and for the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]].<ref name="Definition">{{cite web|last1=Deschênes|first1=Stéphane|title=The Official INF-FNI Definition of Naturism|url=http://www.inf-fni.org/content/download/28259/1110928/file/Official%20INF-FNI%20Definition%20Of%20Naturism.pdf|website=INF-FNI|publisher=International Naturist Federation|accessdate=11 January 2016|format=PDF|date=4 January 2016}}</ref> '' Several other terms ("social nudity", "[[public nudity]]", "[[skinny dipping]]", "sunning", and "clothes-free") have been proposed as alternative terms for naturism, but none has found the same widespread public acceptance as the older terms "naturism" and (in much of the United States) "nudism". People interested in social nudity can attend [[nude beach|clothes-free beaches]] and other types of ad-hoc nudist events. At these venues, participants generally need not belong to a [[nudist club]]. Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations feel that the practice of social nudity should be asexual. For various social, cultural, and historical reasons the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations often oversimplify the relationship between naturism and sexuality. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} [[File:Zwembad op naturistenterrein.JPG|thumb|Sign at a naturist [[swimming pool]] with a warning that no clothing (including underwear) is permitted.]] The International Naturist Federation explains: : '' "Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings."''{{sfn|Choin|2002|p=}}{{efn|The Hannover based ''Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung'' wrote "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity.}} The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.{{efn|In his book, ''Cinema Au Naturel'',{{sfn|Storey|2003|p=11}} author [[Mark Storey]] states "two related terms that we will continually run across are ''nudist'' and ''naturist''. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".}} Though in the United States, naturism and nudism have the same meaning,{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} in Britain there is a clear distinction.{{efn|The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in ''Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97''.{{sfn|Anon|1997|p=}} ''Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.''}} Nudism is the ''act of being naked'', while naturism is a ''lifestyle'' which at various times embraced nature, environment, respect for others, self-respect, crafts, healthy eating, vegetarianism, teetotalism, non-smoking, yoga, physical exercise and pacifism as well as nudity.{{efn|Ray Connett, Sunny Trails, in Sunbathing for Health Sept 1947 p 8, July 1957 p 14 writes that Naturism is a weasel word that can mean anything}}{{efn|Presently, [[Mark Storey]] is authoring an article detailing historical use of the terms naturism and nudism and how they differ between different cultures, countries, and time periods in history. In a telephone interview by Daniel Johnson on 15 April 2006 with Storey he stated that "a draft of the piece was posted on the "References" page of [[The Naturist Society]] [http://naturistsociety.com/ web site] for a few weeks". At the time of its former release in October 2004 it was titled ''Naturism, Nudism, or Nameless? A History of Terms'' He is planning on publishing a revised article as soon as additional information and errors are corrected.}} In naturist parlance, ''[[wikt:textile|textile]]'' or ''textilist'' is a non-naturist person, non-naturist behaviour or non-naturist facilities. e.g. ''the textile beach starts at the flag'', ''they are a mixed couple&nbsp;&ndash; he is naturist, she is textile''. ''Textile'' is the predominant term used in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] ('textilist' is unknown in British naturist magazines including ''[[H&E naturist]]''), although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. ''Textilist'' is said to be used interchangeably, but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for ''textile''.{{sfn|Mars-Jones|1991|p=152}} ''Clothing optional'' and ''nude optional'' (US specific) describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes. The opposite is ''clothing compulsory''; that is, prohibiting nudity. Adjectival phrases ''clothes free'' and ''clothing free'' prescribe where naturism is permitted in an otherwise textile environment, or define the preferred state of a naturist. The social nudity movement includes a large range of variants including "naturism", "nudism", "[[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK)", the "[[nude beach|free beach]] movement" as well as generalized "public lands/[[public nudity]]" advocacy. There is a large amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy, but differences between these separate movements remain contentious. : ''See also: [[issues in social nudity#Issues in social nudity#Labels, associations and terminology|labels, associations and terminology]] for an extended discussion and disambiguation''. ==Personal and family nudity== [[File:Carl Larsson Model writing postcards 1906.jpg|thumb|right|Personal nudity: [[Carl Larsson]], ''Model Writing Postcards'', watercolor, 1906]] {{Main|Nudity#Private nudity}} Many people are often nude in the privacy of their home or garden, either alone or with members of the family; naturists normally refer to them as at-home-nudists or closet-nudists. This may be occasional nudity or as a naturist lifestyle. There are differences of opinion as to whether, and if so to what extent, parents should appear naked in front of their children, and whether children should be nude within the home in the view of their family as well as visitors. This has attracted a great deal of academic study. A United States study by [[Alfred Kinsey]] (1948&ndash;1953) found that 75% of the participants stated that there was never nudity in the home when they were growing up, 5% of the participants said that there was "seldom" nudity in the home, 3% said "often", and 17% said that it was "usual". The study found that there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home.{{sfn|Bancroft|2003|p=}} <!-- Do not remove these images, Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images --> Gordon and Schroeder in 1995 reported that parental nudity varies considerably from family to family. They say that "there is nothing inherently wrong with bathing with children or otherwise appearing naked in front of them", noting that doing so may provide an opportunity for parents to provide important information. They note that by ages 5 to 6 children begin to develop a sense of modesty, and recommend to parents who wish to be sensitive to their children's wishes that they limit such activities from that age onwards.{{sfn|Gordon & Schroeder|1995|p=16}} Barbara Bonner in 1999 cautioned against nudity in the home if children exhibit sexual play of a type that is considered problematic.{{sfn|Bonner|2000|p=209-}} In a 1995 review of the literature, Paul Okami concluded that there was no reliable evidence linking exposure to parental nudity to any negative effect.{{sfn|Okami|1995}} Three years later, his team finished an 18-year longitudinal study that showed that, if anything, such exposure was associated with slight beneficial effects, particularly for boys.{{sfn|Okami et al|1998}} Smith and Sparks in their study on the effects of social nudity on children conclude that "the viewing of the unclothed body, far from being destructive to the psyche, seems to be either benign and totally harmless or to actually provide positive benefits to the individuals involved.{{sfn|Smith|Sparks|1986|p=183}} == Social nudism == {{See also|Exhibitionism}} The rhetoric of the nudism and anti-nudism movements emphasizes freedom from many of the normal constraints which regulate human interaction in nudist settings, although for different reasons. Using data from French and German beaches, this hypothesis was tested using five different indicators. Little significant variation between nudists and non-nudists within French and German settings is found in their patterns of interactional spacing, while more significant main effects for differences of cultures are found regardless of nudity status. As a subculture, nudists would appear to differ from nonnudists only in their propensity to like to sunbathe in the nude. Their nude status would appear to have none of the de-inhibiting effects often attributed to nudism. By contrast, clear cultural differences between German and French cultures are shown consistent with [[High- and low-context cultures|Hall's high-low context distinction]] and the [[Robert T. Francoeur|Francoeur]]'s hot-cool sexuality continuum.{{sfn|Smith|1980}} === Naturist facilities === At naturist organised events or venues clothing is usually optional, except by swimming pools or sunbathing lawns where complete nudity is expected, weather permitting. This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among some naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.{{sfn|Descamps|1987}} Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities, while non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, and rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} [[File:Outdoor bathing at Jhiben Hot Spring 20121110.jpg|thumb|right|Families bathing nude at a hot spring in Taiwan]] <!-- Can we crop this to remove triangle --> Some clubs have stricter entrance requirements than some traditional 'country clubs', including the requirement to supply references, a sponsoring member, a trial membership, committee approval or, criminal background checks. UK clubs are now required to have child-protection policies in place, and designated child-protection officers. Many clubs promote frequent social activities.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.{{sfn|Choin|2002|p=}} [[Nudist colony]] is no longer a favored term, but it is used by naturists as a term of derision for landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria, and in meta-data on naturist websites. A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. The center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] card, that is, be a member of their national organization, but some have relaxed this restriction, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers can be quite small, just a couple of hectares or large occupying over 300 hectares.{{efn|The three biggest centres on the [[Médoc]] are Euronat 335 ha, CHM 175 ha with a 3 km beach, and La Jenny 127 ha}} In a large holiday centre there will be swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families will visit each year.{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} A naturist resort is, to a European, an essentially urban development where naturism is the norm. [[Cap d'Agde]] in France, naturist village [[Charco del Palo]] on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, [[Vera, Spain|Vera Playa]] in Spain<ref>{{Citation|title=Vera Playa history article|url=http://www.veraplaya.info/history.html|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref> and Vritomartis{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=41}} in Greece are examples. Some residents use these resorts as a year-round home.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.<ref name="PalmSprings">{{cite web|url=http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |title=For a relaxed explanation |publisher=Sunnyfun.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025528/http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |archivedate=2013-03-08 |df= }}</ref> [[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK) literally translated as 'free body culture' is the name for the general movement in [[Germany]]. The abbreviation is widely recognised all over Europe and often found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach. === Nude beaches === [[File:Chihuahua20 01 2007 2.jpg|thumb|A sign at a nude beach in Maldonado, Uruguay.]] Clothing is optional at [[nude beach]]es (or "free beaches"). A feature of bathing on a nude beach is the anonymity it offers, with membership of a club not being required, nor detailed application processes, nor pre-booking of visits.{{Original research inline|date=September 2014}}{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} In some European countries, such as Denmark,<ref name="nn527"> [http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=527 Naturist net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429012925/http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=527 |date=2012-04-29 }} Scandinavia with geolocations</ref> all beaches are clothing optional, while in others like Germany and experimentally in France,<ref name="b-de-v">{{cite news|title=Revealed: Paris opens first nudist park but no voyeurs allowed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/revealed-paris-opens-first-nudist-park-no-voyeurs-allowed|accessdate=3 September 2017|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks, e.g., [[Englischer Garten#Schönfeldwiese and surroundings|in Munich]]<ref name="FKK-D8000">{{Citation|title=Ganz Muenchen article|url=http://www.ganz-muenchen.de/freizeitfitness/baden/fkk.html| accessdate=2007-11-27}}</ref> and Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://activenaturists.net/2008/07/08/active-naturists-in-berlin/ |title=Berlin |publisher=active naturists |date=2008-07-08 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are also clothing-optional, except some central urban beaches.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://activenaturists.net/crete/ |title=Crete |publisher=active naturists |date=2009-01-24 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://activenaturists.net/barcelona/ |title=Barcelona |publisher=active naturists |date=2012-04-20 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> === Naturism and sports === {{see also|Nude recreation|Nudity in sport}} Naturism encourages a healthy life style, and many naturist clubs at times organize and encourage members to take part in local and international sport events and competitions. The [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK)]] promotes recreational sports and is a member of the [[German Olympic Sport Federation]] ([[DOSB]]). === Festival naturism === [[File:People pix in the village.jpg|thumb|right|Naturist couple at the [[Nambassa]] festival, New Zealand, 1981]] From [[Woodstock]] to [[Edinburgh Festival|Edinburgh]], and [[Nambassa]] in the southern hemisphere communal nudity is commonly recorded at music and [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] festivals. The series of 1970s [[Nambassa]] [[hippie]] festivals held in New Zealand is a further example of non-sexualized naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa 3 day [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] Festival an estimated 35% of festival attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nambassa.com/johnlowe.html |title=Public nudity at Nambassa |publisher=Nambassa.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> preferring complete or partial nudity.{{sfn|Jones & Broadley|1979|p=}}' [[Roskilde Festival|Roskilde festival]] in Denmark hosts a naked run, that has become one of the most popular events there. Perhaps nowadays the biggest and most famous festival where participants spontaneously decide to go naked or take part in nude events is [[Burning Man]]: it's got its own naked bike ride aka 'Naked Pub Crawl', and a few camps organize activities in the nude, including the famous<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/naked-restaurant-paris-park-bunyadi-nude-cruise-nudist-resort-hotel-greece-pictures-a7346721.html|title=Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude|date=2016-10-05|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> oil wrestling by camp [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|Gymnasium]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://activenaturists.net/gymnasium-camp/|title=Gymnasium theme camp|date=2015-11-07|work=Active Naturists|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Posing nude at Burning Man.jpg|thumb|Naked participant at Burning Man 2016 posing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://activenaturists.net/2016/11/27/camp-gymnasium-at-burning-man-2016/|title=camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016|last=αNaturist|date=2016-11-28|website=Active Naturists|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref> as Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man.]] Florida Young Naturists<ref name="Florida Young Naturists FYN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefyn.com|title=Florida Young Naturists (FYN)}}</ref> has organized seasonal "Bashes" hosted by several Florida nudist/naturist clubs and resorts since 2008. Organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation)<ref name="Federación Nudista de México FNM">{{Cite news|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org|title=Federación Nudista de México (FNM)}}</ref> since 2016 when Zipolite beach nudity was legalized,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf|title=Declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nudist beaches by the municipality of San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca|date=2016-01-27}}</ref> FESTIVAL NUDISTA ZIPOLITE<ref>{{cite news|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/#events |title=Federación Nudista de México Events (Festival Nudista Zipolite)}}</ref> occurs annually on the first weekend of February. Nudist festivals are also held to celebrate particular days of the year, and in many such events nude [[bodypainting]] is also common, such as [[Neptune Day Festival]] held in [[Koktebel]], [[Crimea]] to depict mythological events;<ref>[https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/03/degeneration-x-buck-naked-jazz-on-a-black-sea-beac.html deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach]</ref><ref>[https://vimeo.com/140190277 Video of Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea]</ref> the [[Solstice Cyclists]] nudist events celebrating the [[summer solstice]] held in [[Fremont, Seattle]], [[United States]]; the [[Naked Pumpkin Run]] held in US to celebrate [[Halloween]]; and the [[World Naked Gardening Day]] held to celebrate gardening. <!-- needs to be expanded --> ===Summer naturism=== The prevalence of naturism tends to increase during the summer months especially when the temperature is higher with some regions experiencing first-time naturists and people who have transitioned to becoming a naturist.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McLellan | first1 = Josie | year = 2007 | title = State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom | url = | journal = The Journal of Modern History | volume = 79 | issue = 1| pages = 48–79 | doi=10.1086/517544}}</ref> Some studies have observed that among some of these naturists, they are clothed during other seasons, thus making them seasonal naturists.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Casler | first1 = Lawrence | year = 1964 | title = Some sociopsychological observations in a nudist camp: A preliminary study | url = | journal = The Journal of social psychology | volume = 64 | issue = 2| pages = 307–323 | doi=10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569}}</ref> This quiddity has caught the public perception and comprehension of public nudity, and thus it is frequently equated with summer destinations such as beaches.<ref>Moon, Storm. Naked In the Woods: A Guide to Spiritual Nudity. Lulu Press, Inc, 2012.</ref> == History == {{Main|History of nudity|l1=Nudity in History}} {{see also|Timeline of non-sexual social nudity}} Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many [[culture]]s at all time periods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://activenaturists.net/how-it-used-to-be/ |title=nudity as a social norm |publisher=active naturists |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> In Western society nowadays, social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of [[bathing]], swimming and in [[sauna]]s, whether in single-sex groups, within the family or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many tropical cultures until now, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://activenaturists.net/nudity-ok2/ |title=naked sport events throughout history |publisher=active naturists |date=2012-08-30 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> It is difficult to nominate exactly when naturism started as a movement. The word 'naturism' was used for the first time in 1778 by a French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), and was advocated as a means of improving the ''hygiène de vie'' or healthy living.{{efn|"Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".<ref name="Planchon">{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Planchon|first=Jean Baptiste Luc |title=La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3ZEAAAAcAAJ|year=1778|publisher=Varlé}}</ref>}} The earliest known naturist club in the "western" sense of the word was established in British [[India]] in 1891. The 'Fellowship of the Naked Trust' was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower, who was a [[District Courts of India|District and Sessions Judge]] for the [[Bombay]] [[Indian Civil Service|Civil Service]]. The commune was based in [[Matheran]] and had just three members at the beginning; Crawford and two sons of an [[Anglican]] missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood.{{efn|Crawford wrote a series of letters discussing his new club and its philosophy to the socialist [[Edward Carpenter]] between 1891 and 1892. In his letters to Carpenter, Crawford described his daily activities. : "Calderwood and I were up at Matheran having two days’ holiday to spend naked from breakfast to evening [...] in June, Calderwood and I had a grand day. We went away to a bungalow in the [[Tulsi Lake]] without servants and spent from dinner time Saturday till 5 pm Sunday in nature’s garb". The club's dress code required full nudity, with exceptions made for accessories such as rings and glasses. Members of the club had to be plainspoken about sexual related matters and all [[taboo]]s were consciously discarded. Carpenter suggested that a female branch should be added to the commune, although this was not achieved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Worlds-first-nudist-colony-was-in-Thane-and-this-man-proved-it/articleshow/16011435.cms|title=World's first nudist colony was in Thane (and this man proved it)|accessdate=2012-12-17}}</ref> }} The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to [[Ratnagiri]]; he died soon after in 1894.{{sfn|Farrar|2005}} [[File:Koch, Max (1854-1925) - 1897 - Freilicht - vmp 01.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Max Koch]]'s ''Freilicht'', 1897]] In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in [[Germany]] by Dr. [[Heinrich Pudor]], under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term ''Nacktkultur''. In 1906 he went on to write a three volume treatise with his new term as its title, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} [[Richard Ungewitter]] (''Nacktheit'', 1906, ''Nackt'', 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} Major promoters of these ideas included [[Adolf Koch]] and [[Hans Suren]]. Germany published the first journal of nudism between 1902 and 1932.{{sfn|Kennedy|2013|p=}} The wide publication of those papers and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism, in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, ''Freilichtpark'' (Free-Light Park), was opened near [[Hamburg]] in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} In 1919, German doctor [[Kurt Huldschinsky]] discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure [[rickets]] in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26935867 10 inventions that owe their success to World War One]</ref> In France in the early 20th century, the brothers [[Gaston Durville|Gaston]] and [[André Durville]], both of them physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept {{lang-fr|naturisme}}. The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism. Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s, in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and other European countries and spread to the [[United States]] where it became established in the 1930s. By 1951, the national federations united to form the [[International Naturist Federation]] or [[International Naturist Federation|INF]].{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure was put to designate beaches for naturist use. From the middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same&nbsp;– or better&nbsp;– standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} == Philosophy == [[File:Badstuga, efter illustration i Acerbis Travels, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|right|''Finnish Sauna'' (1802)]] Naturism had many different philosophical sources and means many things to different people.<ref name="Carter2003">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Michael|title=J.C. Flügel and the Nude Future|journal=Fashion Theory|volume=7|issue=1|year=2003|pages=79–101|issn=1362-704X|doi=10.2752/136270403778052203}}{{subscription|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> There is no one definition. In 1974, the INF defined naturism as: :: ''a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of social nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment.<ref name="Definition" /> At one end of the spectrum are the nudists who just enjoy a nude life style, and at the other are the naturists, who have deeply held beliefs and see communal nudity as just one of many important principles. The naturist philosophy has several sources, many of which can be traced back to early 20th century health and fitness philosophies in [[Germany]] and [[England]], although the concepts of returning to nature and creating equality have much deeper roots. <!-- moved from lead- needs integrating From Germany the idea spread to the rest of Europe and [[North America]] and beyond where a network of clubs developed. The model of [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|German naturism]] is to promote naturist family and recreational sports, with the [[DFK|German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK)]] being a member of the [[German Olympic Sport Federation]] ([[DOSB]]). [[France|French]] naturism developed on the basis of large [[vacation (travel)|holiday]] complexes. This in turn influenced [[Quebec]] and the United States. A subsequent development was [[tourism|tourist]] naturism, where nudist resorts would be built to cater for the nudist tourist, without any local base. This concept is most noticeable in the [[Caribbean]]. Nevertheless, most naturist activity takes place at local naturist clubs, especially in Western countries. --> <!-- Not placed correctly here --> === Gymnosophy and religious nakedness === {{see also|Gymnosophist|American Gymnosophical Association}} In the 4th century BC, [[Alexander the Great]] encountered, in India, wandering groups of naked holy men whom he dubbed the ''naked philosophers''. (''Gr ''gymnos'': naked; ''sophist'': knowledge''). The philosopher [[Onesicritus]] investigated their beliefs and lifestyle. [[Pyrrho]] the [[Sceptic]] was impressed and incorporated nudity into his philosophy. The Gymnosophists were [[Hindu]]s, but [[Jain]] and [[Ajivika]] monks [[Nudity in religion|practiced nudity as a statement]] that they had given up all worldly goods. Nudity was not a new concept to the Greeks as the [[Olympic Games]] (founded in 776 BC) were exclusively male and nude events. ''Gymnastics'' and ''gymnasium'' share the same root word (''Gr gymnos''). Historically, the [[Adamites]], a [[Gnostic]] sect, practiced [[Nudity in religion|religious nudism]]. Another religious sect, the [[Doukhobors]], migrated from Russia to western Canada. They practice or practiced occasional nudity, such as while working in the farm fields. Members of one of the three subdivisions of Canadian Doukhobors, the small radical [[Sons of Freedom (political group)|Sons of Freedom]] group, went so far in the 1900s as to publicly strip in mass public demonstrations to protest against government policies which were meant to assimilate them.<ref>* Jim Hamm Productions Limited ''Spirit Wrestlers'', a 2002 documentary video and DVD about the Russian Christian sect called Freedomite Doukhobors,</ref> Today, [[Christian naturism]] contains various members associated with most [[Christian denomination|denominations]]. Although beliefs vary, a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the [[Garden of Eden]], and God was displeased with [[Adam and Eve]] for covering their bodies with [[fig leaf|fig leaves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.figleafforum.com/resources_genesis.html |title="What Do The First Three Chapters Of Genesis Teach About Clothing?" by Ian B. Johnson, Fig Leaf Forum (note: articles such as this one are peer reviewed) |publisher=Figleafforum.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> The first English naturists adopted the name Gymnosophy as a thinly disguised euphemism for their pastime. The [[English Gymnosophical Society]] was formed in 1922 and became the [[New Gymnosophy Society]] in 1926; they purchased land at 'Bricketts Wood' to become Britain's first [[nudist colony]]. One of the first members was [[Gerald Gardner (Wiccan)|Gerald Gardner]], who in 1945 established the 'Five Acres Club' nearby, ostensibly as a nudist club, but as a front for [[Wicca]]ns, as [[witchcraft]] was illegal in England until 1951. The [[Digambar]], one of the two main divisions of the [[Jainism|Jain]] religion of India, remain [[Skyclad (Neopaganism)|skyclad]], or naked, though generally it is practiced by males.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Digambar means 'clothed with the sky'. [[Wicca]]ns have adopted this wording and some practice their rituals skyclad. === Naturist writers === * [[Elton Raymond Shaw]] was a [[Methodist]] churchman and publisher who wrote on the Body Taboo. * [[Heinrich Pudor]] wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book ''Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft'' (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then ''[[Nacktkultur]]'' (Nude Culture). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}0 * [[:de:Paul Zimmermann|Paul Zimmermann]] opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} * [[Richard Ungewitter]] wrote ''Die Nacktheit'' (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} * [[:de:Adolf Koch|Adolf Koch]], a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's ''Körperschülen'' schools.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} * [[:de:Hans Suren|Hans Surén]] taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote in 1924, ''Mensch und die Sonne'' (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} Later, in 1936, Surén proposed physical exercise and naturism as a means of creating a pure German race and of beauty. In the early 1940s he was out of favour and arrested. By 1945, he had turned full circle and was writing religious texts. Though never a member of any FKK club he was awarded honorary membership of the [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|DFK]] in 1952. * [[:de:Werner Zimmermann|Werner Zimmermann]] was Swiss. He promoted [[Progressive education]], encouraging naked [[Physical education]] to eliminate body guilt and to encourage openness that would lift the repression of the human spirit, which he saw as the cause of sexual deviation. The basic position was that the human body, in and of itself, was neither sinful nor obscene. This was adopted into the emerging philosophy that created the modern Western nudist movement. === Naturist ideals === [[File:Nude people at Praia do Abricó.jpg|right|thumb|Family in Praia do Abricó, [[Brazil]]]] Individuals have formed naturist groups for a variety of specific purposes.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} It is generally agreed by naturist organisations that [[eroticism]] and blatant sexuality have no place in naturism and are, in fact, antithetical to its ideals. Reasons that have at times been given: * [[ecology|Ecological]] or [[environmentalist|environmental]]&nbsp;— rapport with the natural world. * [[Health]]&nbsp;— bathing in the sun, fresh air and water ([[balneotherapy]], [[thalassotherapy]], [[heliotherapy]]). Sun is a form of medicine. * [[Healthy diet|Diet]]&nbsp;— Naturism has at times been associated with claims made for moderation with [[alcohol]], [[meat]], [[tobacco]], [[drug]]s; leading to a [[teetotal]], [[vegetarian]] or [[vegan]] lifestyle. * [[Nude psychotherapy|Psychologically]] — rapport with other humans including equality and respect. Being nude in groups makes all feel more accepted&nbsp;&ndash; physically, intellectually and emotionally.<ref name=autogenerated4/> * [[Spirituality]]&nbsp;— nudity, well being and direct contact to nature helps feel closer to the universe.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} * [[Pedagogy]]&nbsp;— children should be respected as equals instead of being patronised{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} * [[Social equality|Equality]]&nbsp;— clothes build social barriers. Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.<ref name=autogenerated4>Discussed in:{{Citation | last = Veltheim| first = Andrew| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing| year = | url = http://www.parama.com/html/naturism.html| accessdate =2012-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408070907/http://www.parama.com/html/body_naturism.html |archivedate=2010-04-08 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> * [[Liberty]]&nbsp;— no one has the right to tell others or their children that they must wear clothes. === Naturism and the romantics === [[Walt Whitman]] American writer, A Sun-bathed Nakedness: {{quote|Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me... Nature was naked, and I was also... Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation|title=Nakedness and Nature|url=http://www.naturistplace.com/nudity19.htm|website=Naturist Place|date=8 February 2003}}</ref>}} [[Henry David Thoreau]], ''In wildness is the preservation of the world.'', [[Walking (Thoreau)|Walking]]: {{quote|We cannot adequately appreciate this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It will elude us if we allow artifacts like clothing to intervene between ourselves and this Other. To apprehend it, we cannot be naked enough.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>}} Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of [[André Gide]]) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically [[Henri Matisse]] and other [[Fauvism|Fauve]] painters. This movement was based on the French concept of ''[[joie de vivre]]'', the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.{{sfn|Harrison & Perry|1993|p=}} === Naturism for health === [[Sunlight]] has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make [[vitamin D]],<ref name=bupa2004>{{Citation| last =BUPA's Health Information Team| first =| author-link =| last2 =| first2 =| author2-link =| title =Hot topic – Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer| date =24 March 2004| url =http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html| accessdate =2007-12-02| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070203050901/http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html| archivedate =3 February 2007| df =}}</ref> but with the increased awareness of [[skin cancer]], wearing of [[sunscreen]] is now part of the culture.<ref name=bupa2004/> Sun exposure prompts the body to produce [[nitric oxide]] that helps support the cardiovascular system and the feelgood brain-chemical [[serotonin]].<ref name="LindqvistEpstein2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lindqvist|first1=P. G.|last2=Epstein|first2=E.|last3=Landin-Olsson|first3=M.|last4=Ingvar|first4=C.|last5=Nielsen|first5=K.|last6=Stenbeck|first6=M.|last7=Olsson|first7=H.|title=Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=276|issue=1|year=2014|pages=77–86|issn=0954-6820|doi=10.1111/joim.12251|pmid=24697969}}</ref><ref name="WellerPattullo1996">{{cite journal|last1=Weller|first1=Richard|last2=Pattullo|first2=Simon|last3=Smith|first3=Lorna|last4=Golden|first4=Michael|last5=Ormerod|first5=Anthony|last6=Benjamin|first6=Nigel|title=Nitric Oxide Is Generated on the Skin Surface by Reduction of Sweat Nitrate|journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=107|issue=3|year=1996|pages=327–331|issn=0022-202X|doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363167}}</ref> There are also documented psychological benefits of naturist activities including greater [[life satisfaction]], more positive [[body image]], and higher [[self-esteem]].<ref name="West2017">{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Keon|title=Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction|journal=Journal of Happiness Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=677|year=2017|issn=1389-4978|doi=10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1|url=http://research.gold.ac.uk/19949/}}</ref> ===World Naked Bike Ride=== [[File:Naked Bike Ride - Holborn - 12 June 2016.JPG|thumb|WNBR passing [[Holborn tube station|Holborn underground station]] 11 June 2016]] The [[World Naked Bike Ride]] (WNBR) is an international [[clothing-optional bike ride]] and exercise in [[public nudity]], that has developed outside the organised naturism movement. Participants plan, meet and ride together ''en masse'' on [[human-powered transport]] (the vast majority on [[bicycle]]s, but some on [[skateboard]]s and [[inline skates]]), to "deliver a vision of a cleaner, safer, body-positive world."<ref name="WNBRwebsite">[http://worldnakedbikeride.org Official WNBR global web site] circa June 2004</ref> The WNBR shares some aspects of the philosophy of naturism in that it promotes a return to healthy exercise in unpolluted air at the same time promoting positive body image. == Demographics == * In 1999, the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] commissioned a national survey on Canadian attitudes towards nudity<ref name=fcnstat>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/survey-on-naturism-in-canada |title=1999 National Survey on Canadian Attitudes Towards Nudity |year=1999 |work=Federation of Canadian Naturists |publisher=Federation of Canadian Naturists |location=Ontario, Canada |accessdate=2011-09-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003072728/http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/survey-on-naturism-in-canada |archivedate=2011-10-03 |df= }}</ref> which found that 8.9% of Canadian have visited or would visit a naturist facility. A further 11.6% have gone or would go skinny dipping in mixed company; that 39% go naked in their own homes; that naturists tend to have above average incomes; that urban dwellers are more likely to be naturist than country dwellers; and that the under 25s are the most likely to be naturists. * In 1983, the Naturist Society in the United States sponsored a Gallup poll, which was repeated in 2000,{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} which found the following: {| class="wikitable" |+ '''USA: 1983/2000 Gallup poll''' |- ! Year ! colspan="2" | 1983 ! colspan="2" | 2000 |- ! Question ! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | Yes !! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | No ! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | Yes !! style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | No |- | Do you believe that people who enjoy nude sunbathing should be able to do so without interference from officials as long as they do so at a beach that is accepted for that purpose? | style="text-align:center;" | 72 || style="text-align:center;" | 24 | style="text-align:center;" | 80 || style="text-align:center;" | 17 |- | Local and state governments now set aside public land for special types of recreation such as snowmobiling, surfing and hunting. Do you think special and secluded areas should be set aside for people who enjoy nude sunbathing? | style="text-align:center;" | 39 || style="text-align:center;" | 54 | style="text-align:center;" | 48 || style="text-align:center;" | 48 |- | Have you, personally, ever gone "skinny dipping" or nude sunbathing in a mixed group of men and women at a beach, at a pool, or somewhere else? | style="text-align:center;" | 15 || style="text-align:center;" | 83 | style="text-align:center;" | 25 || style="text-align:center;" | 73 |} * In 2005 the British CCBN commissioned a survey of members,<ref name=CCBN164>{{Citation|last= |first= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=BN Members Questionnaire |journal=British Naturism |volume=164 |issue= |page=26 |date=Summer 2005 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org |doi= |id= |issn=0264-0406 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824072145/http://british-naturism.org/ |archivedate=2007-08-24 |df= }} and two next issue.</ref> which found that, among British people: <!-- Do not remove these images, Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images --> <!-- rm selfie better images available --[[File:Body painting 20.jpg|thumb|upright|A nudist couple at a [[bodypainting]] event in [[Santa Barbara Summer Solstice Parade]], USA, 2012]] --> {| class="wikitable" |+ '''How we (British people) discovered naturism:''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Beach abroad || style="width:50pt;"| 29% |- | Beach in UK || 20% |- | Newspaper || 15% |- | Friend || 9% |- | Parents || 8% |- | Conviction || 6% |- | TV/Radio || 5% |- | The Web || 3% |- | ''H&E'' magazine || 3% |- | Other || 2% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Ever been member of a club?''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Yes || style="width:50pt;"| 58.5% |- | No || 41.5% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Do you use UK naturist beaches?''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Often || style="width:50pt;"| 22.4% |- | Sometimes || 40.1% |- | Rarely || 18.7% |- | Never || 18.7% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''If you use a naturist holiday facility abroad:''' |- | style="width:175pt;"| Self-catering || style="width:50pt;"| 58.5% |- | Hotel || 41.5% |- | Own Tent || 12.7% |- | Hire Caravan || 10% |- | Own Caravan || 8.7% |- | Bed and Breakfast || 6.6% |- | Friends || 4.4% |- | Motor home || 4.2% |- | Own accommodation || 3.1% |- | Hire Tent || 2.4% |- | Other || 3.3% |} == In Europe == <!-- Needs to be rewritten and sourced. === Croatia === Croatia has been an attractive naturist destination for five decades. Today there are more than 30 official naturist campsites, tourist villages, hotels, apartments, beaches and numerous more unofficial naturist bathing places. Naturism is well accepted all along Croatian Adriatic coast. There are official naturist beaches which are sometimes within all naturist resorts and campings and sometimes there are special areas in textile resorts assigned for naturists. Often entrance is charged. Then there are so called free beaches which are known to be naturist for many years, but not officially. Those places are mostly clothing optional. And finally there are wild beaches where one can freely choose to be bare or to keep swimming suit on. Naturist beaches are marked with signs saying "FKK" for "Freikörperkultur," German for Free Body Culture. Unofficial beaches are sometimes called free beaches. Croatia's naturist facilities often focus on different visitor categories, including families, adults, gays, and those where everyone is welcome. Beaches also often are sectioned into these categories. Many naturist beaches (official or not) are within walking distance from centers of towns, villages or resorts. Many of the regular beaches have also a naturist section, usually at the end of the beach. Croatia has long been popular for bare-all beach holidays, especially with German and Dutch nudists. Koversada, an island linked by bridge to the Istrian mainland, is the oldest among 30 official naturist resorts. All are indicated by "FKK" signs but there are also scores of unofficial strips.{{cn|date=November 2013}} -->{{main|List of social nudity places in Europe}} === Finland === In [[Finnish culture]], nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing in a sauna, swimming in a pool, or playing on a beach, and it's not unusual to see children playing naked in a kindergarten or family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than many other countries.<ref>Mapes, Terri. [http://goscandinavia.about.com/od/finland/qt/nudism_finland.htm "Nudism in Finland"]. ''about travel''. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Terp, Peter. [http://spotnaked.com/naturism-in-finland/21/ "Naturism in Finland"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Duner, Paul. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UR8yAQAAIAAJ&q=nudism+in+finland&dq=nudism+in+finland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3OSJVZO5EOHNmwXU64CQDw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA "A year and a day"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Woycke, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6iAPCjYBW6AC&pg=PA163&dq=nudism+in+finland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3OSJVZO5EOHNmwXU64CQDw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=nudism%20in%20finland&f=false "Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref><ref>White, Linda. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lSVutEV2wksC&q=nudism+in+finland&dq=nudism+in+finland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3OSJVZO5EOHNmwXU64CQDw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA "The Independent Woman's Guide to Europe"]. Retrieved June 24, 2015.</ref> === France === {{main|Naturism in France}} In 1903 la ''[[Revue des deux mondes]]'' published a report on [[Freikörperkultur|German naturism]] and S. Gay created a naturist community at Bois-Fourgon. In 1907, supported by his superiors, Abbé Legrée encouraged the students at his Catholic college to bathe nude on the rocky beaches near [[Marseille]]. [[File:CapdAgde crop.jpg|thumb|right|Sign at [[Cap d'Agde]] mentioning that it is obligatory to be nude at this beach]] Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine ''Vivre intégralement'' (later called ''Vivre'') and the first French naturist club, ''Sparta Club'' at Garambouville, near [[Evreux]]. The court action that he initiated, established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} [[File:Nude hiking in Gard.jpg|thumb|left|Randonue in [[Les Concluses]], [[Gard]], 2008]] Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought a 70 hectare site on the [[Île du Levant]] where they established the village of [[Île du Levant|Héliopolis]]. The village was open to the public. In 1925 Dr François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on [[heliotherapy]]. and in that year opened the ''Club gymnique de France''. In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but after disagreements left and In 1944 Albert and Christine Lecocq founded the ''Club du Soleil'' with members in 84 cities. In 1948 they founded the [[:fr:Féderation Française de Naturisme|FFN]], in 1949 they started the magazine, ''Vie au Soleil'' and in 1950 opened the [[CHM Montalivet]], the world's first naturist holiday centre where the [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] was formed.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} The naturist village [[Leucate]] and [[Cap d'Agde]] offers a different form of social nudity. [[Euronat (naturist resort)|Euronat]] is the largest holiday centre (335ha) situated 10&nbsp;km north of Montalivet. Naturism employs more than 3000 people, and is estimated to be worth 250 million Euro to the French economy.<!-- ref needed --> France is represented on the [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] by the [[:fr:Féderation Française de Naturisme|FFN]]. === Germany === {{main|Naturism in Germany}} {{See also|Freikörperkultur}} German naturism was part of the [[Lebensreform]] movement and the [[Wandervogel]] youth movement of 1896, from [[Steglitz]], [[Berlin]] which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time doctors of the [[:de:Naturheilbewegung|Natural Healing Movement]] were using [[heliotherapy]], treating diseases such as [[Tuberculosis|TB]], [[rheumatism]] and [[scrofula]] with exposure to sunlight.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} [[File:Naked woman in inner city 3.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[nude]] woman moves in a busy market in Germany, while other people carry on with their routine activities, 2005.]] Nacktkultur, a term coined in 1903 by [[Heinrich Pudor]], flourished.{{sfn|Toepfer|1997|p=}} Nacktkultur connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform. It was practised in a network of 200 members clubs. The movement gained prominence in the 1920s as offering a health giving life-style with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal between 1902 and 1932.{{sfn|Kennedy|2013|p=}} It became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breaking down of society. It became associated with [[pacificism]].{{sfn|Hau|2003|p=}} In 1926, [[Adolf Koch]] established a school of naturism in Berlin; encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929, the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity.{{sfn|Toepfer|1997|p=}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0905-402, Ostsee, Sonnenbad.jpg|thumb|left|Young East German women at a naturist beach in 1988]] During the [[Nazism|National Socialist]] ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' era, all naturist clubs had to register with the ''Reichsbund für Leibesübungen'', which meant excluding [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[Communism|Communists]]. Also, they had to keep all activities hidden in the countryside where there was little chance of being seen by others. The status as a West German ''sports federation'' member gave the clubs rights and privileges (e.g. tax exemptions) so the naturist clubs remained in the federation after the war had ended. After the war, [[East Germany|East Germans]] were free to practice naturism, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations being regarded as potentially subversive). Naturism became a large element in DDR politics. The ''Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung'' subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60,000 members.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}} Today, following [[German reunification|reunification]] there are many clubs, parks and beaches open to naturists.{{sfn|Choin|2002|p=}} though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=The Guardian view on nudity: grin and bare it|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/the-guardian-view-on-nudity-grin-and-bare-it?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Gmail|accessdate=11 August 2017|work=The Guardian|date=11 August 2017}}</ref> Germans are typically the most commonly seen foreigners at nude beaches in France and around Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/|title=amadelio.de|accessdate =2007-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328233409/http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/ |archivedate=28 March 2012 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> === Greece === Public nudity is prohibited in [[Greece]] and there are no official nude beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greekisland.co.uk/greeks/greek-faqs.htm|title=Greek Island FAQ {{!}} tourist travel guides to the Greek islands|website=www.greekisland.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.gtp.gr/2013/08/14/nude-beaches-in-greece-where-to-bare-it-all/|title=Nude Beaches In Greece: Where To Bare It All - GTP Headlines|date=2013-08-14|work=GTP Headlines|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-US}}</ref> There are, however, numerous unofficial nude beaches especially on the islands frequented by tourists, like [[Crete]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greek-islands.us/crete/crete-nudist/|title=Nudist Beaches in Crete|website=www.greek-islands.us|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> [[Mykonos]] or [[Karpathos]] but also on smaller islands like [[Skopelos]] or [[Skiathos]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2014/07/25/greeces-most-amazing-nudist-beaches/|title=Greece's Most Amazing Nudist Beaches {{!}} GreekReporter.com|website=greece.greekreporter.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> where nudity is tolerated, usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/greek-islands-with-nude-beaches-1524446|title=Nude Beaches on the Greek Islands, from A to Z|work=TripSavvy|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> === Italy === Public nudity is prohibited in [[Italy]] and can be punished with high fines,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nudismus#Europa |title=Nudismus – Reiseführer auf Wikivoyage |accessdate=2017-11-23 |language=de}}</ref> but in the recent decade, a few [[Regions of Italy|regions]] have created naturism laws to help the tourism industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturismo#Legislazione |title=Naturismo – Wikipedia |accessdate=2017-11-23 |language=it}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=January 2018}} There are only a few permitted nude beaches in those regions, where nudity is allowed without risking legal consequences. On all other public beaches in Italy as well as normally tolerated nude beaches, [[Law enforcement in Italy|police]] can potentially impose substantial fines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Bigotte-Politiker-verderben-den-Spass-article19986675.html |title=FKK in Italien: Bigotte Politiker verderben den Spaß |accessdate=2017-11-23 |language=de}}</ref> === Poland === First reported naturist society was established in 1897 in [[Grudziądz]]. In pre-war and post-war [[Poland]], naturism was practised in closed and secluded areas. Reported places for naturism were [[Zaleszczyki]] (in today's [[Ukraine]]) and [[Otwock]]. Under the [[communist|communism]] regime, Poland's naturism became unofficial and was practiced mostly by the artistic boheme near [[Krynica Morska]], [[Misdroy]] and Dębki. In the early 1980s naturism became popular mostly due to increased interest in [[News media|media]]. As the [[pop music|pop]] song "Chałupy Welcome To" (about the naturist beach in Chałupy, featuring beach nudity in the clip) became the 1985 [[summer hit]] in Poland, the nude seaside locations like [[Chałupy]] or [[Rowy, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Rowy]] became known to an average Polish sunbather. Polish Naturist Society was formed and after the number of [[lawsuit]]s, naturism became tolerated in selected "unofficial" beaches and distant spots. <!-- Do not remove these images, Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images --> [[File:Woodstock Poland 2014 -- FKK.jpg|thumb|right|Nude men at the [[Przystanek Woodstock]] festival, 2014]] In today's Poland naturism is practiced in number of the seaside and inland beaches. Most Polish beaches are actually [[Free beach|clothes-optional]] rather than naturist. Among the most popular locations are [[Misdroy|Misdroy-Lubiewo]], Grzybowo, [[Rowy, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Rowy]], Dębki, [[Gdańsk|Gdańsk-Stogi]] and Piaski. The most popular inland locations include [[Warsaw]] (Wał Miedzeszyński), Kazimierz Dolny and Kryspinów near [[Kraków]]. In the winter season, naturism is practiced by organized groups in [[Warsaw]] and [[Tricity, Poland|Tri-City]]. Public naturist events are held bi-monthly in [[Poznań|Poznań-Koziegłowy]] and [[Łódź]] [[waterparks|waterpark]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} === Portugal === {{main|Naturism in Portugal}} Naturism in Portugal had its first historical record around 1920, linked to the Portuguese Naturist Society, of which the anarcho-syndicalist José Peralta was a prominent member. Nudity was already being practiced on [[Costa da Caparica]] beaches. With the beginning of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|New State]] authoritarian regime in the 1930s, the naturist movement was limited to vegetarian and alternative medicines, since nudity was banned and associated to the crime of "indecency". Only after the end of the New State regime in 1974 (April, 25th) the activities linked to the practice of nudity were resumed. The ''Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo'' (Portuguese Naturist Federation) or FPN was founded on the March 1st, 1977, at a meeting in Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpn.pt/sobre_nos/quem_somos_en.php|title=Home > About Us > Who We Are|publisher=Portuguese Naturist Federation|accessdate=2 February 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081647/http://www.fpn.pt/sobre_nos/quem_somos_en.php|archivedate=3 February 2017|df=}}</ref> At the present, there are seven official naturist beaches in Portugal. Besides these, there are several dozens of beaches were the practice of naturism is common. There are also several naturist campings and resorts.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} === Slovenia === Beginnings of naturism in Slovenia started in the year 1852, when a 29 year old Swiss physician [[Arnold Rikli]] visited [[Bled]] for the first time. In the following years he started to promote healthy way of living, because he considered water, air and light<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zupanic-Slavec|first1=Z|last2=Toplak|first2=C|title=Water, air and light--Arnold Rikli (1823-1906)|journal=Gesnerus|date=1998|volume=55|issue=1–2|pages=58–69|pmid=9684537|doi=10.5169/seals-520867}}</ref> to be the source for his healing therapy. He continued to build [[spa]] centers which included [[light therapy]] and [[hydrotherapy]] treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resonantfm.com/a-very-brief-history-of-red-light/|title=A Very Brief History of Red Light|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> His first visitors were most likely [[pilgrim]]s from Slovenia and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] region who visited the church on Bled island. When the word has spread across Europe, other visitors started visiting Bled known for Rikli's healing therapy. A method used in the healing therapy process included [[sunbathing]] and visitors were often seen walking nude in public. Rikli continued to promote his healing tourism for the next 52 years, when he lived in Bled. === Spain === [[File:Nudist-Textile couple in Cabo de Gata, Spain.jpg|thumb|Nudist man and textile woman on a beach in Spain.]] Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444&tn=1&p=20150428#a185|title=BOE.es - Documento consolidado BOE-A-1995-25444|website=www.boe.es|language=es|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> However, people do not normally use this right to be naked to do it anywhere, and most usually perform this activity in places where nudism is a tradition. There are however some municipalities (like [[San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain|San Pedro del Pinatar]]) where public nudity has been regulated (banned) by means of [[By-law|by-laws]]. Other municipalities (like [[Barcelona]], [[Salou]], [[Platja de Palma]] and [[Sant Antoni de Portmany]]) have also used these provisions to regulate the practice of semi-nudism, forcing people to cover their torso on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right ([[freedom of expression]], as they understand that nudism is a way of self-expression) cannot be regulated with this mechanism. Some judicial instances have ruled in favour of nudist associations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.europapress.es/catalunya/noticia-federacion-espanola-naturismo-recurre-tsjc-prohibicion-nudismo-barcelona-20110717185055.html|title=La Federación Española de Naturismo recurre ante el TSJC la prohibición del nudismo en Barcelona|last=Press|first=Europa|date=2011-07-17|work=europapress.es|access-date=2017-12-03|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/la_buena_vida/tendencias/localidades-multan-vas-camiseta-calle_0_2300169989.html|title=Cuatro localidades donde te multan si vas sin camiseta por la calle|work=El Confidencial Digital|access-date=2017-12-03|language=es}}</ref> Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition on naturism. In [[Vera, Spain|Vera]] ([[Andalusia]]), there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations that constitute some kind of nudist town. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturismo.org/adn/calendario.html|title=Calendario actividades 2017. ADN: Asociación para el Desarrollo del Naturismo de la Comunidad de Madrid|website=www.naturismo.org|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> (like hiking on the mountains close to Madrid), but these kind of activities are negligible. Madrid municipality enables nudist use of some of their public swimming pools one day during summer. Textile use of traditionally nudist public spaces (like beaches or streets nearby) is allowed, mainly due to lack of regulation. Mixed groups of nudist and textile individuals are frequent in these kind of spaces. In order to chase voyeuristic persons away, nudist people will normally clap their hands. Legal aspects regarding topless are analogue to those regarding nudism, but social tolerance towards topless is higher. This let people not cover their breasts in public swimming pools and on any beach in Spain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20170811/43474195994/espanolas-topless.html|title=Las españolas son las que más topless y nudismo hacen|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> === United Kingdom === {{main|British Naturism}} [[File:BrightonFKKStrand5843.JPG|thumb|left|Duke's Mound, [[Brighton]]. The naturist section of the beach is protected by an artificial bank of shingle]] [[File:WNBR Brighton 2014 04.jpg|thumb|People at the [[World Naked Bike Ride]] in [[Brighton]], 2014]] In the [[United Kingdom]], the first official nudist club was established in [[Wickford]], [[Essex]] in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for [[British Naturism]] the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground, ''Moonella'', and called its site [[The Camp (Naturism)|The Camp]]. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the [[New Gymnosophy Society]]. This society had been founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the [[English Gymnosophical Society]]. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 [[High Holborn]] in London, the headquarters of the [[Women's Freedom League]]. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by an "aristocracy" of the original members, all of whom had "club names" to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land.<ref name=bntimeline>{{Citation|last=Farrar |first=Michael |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=The history of naturism – a timeline |date= |year=2007 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=50 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019033149/https://british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=50 |archivedate=2010-10-19 |df= }}</ref><ref name=bnmoonella>{{Citation|last=Farrar |first=Michael |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=The Moonella Group |date= |year=2007 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205201517/https://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42 |archivedate=2008-12-05 |df= }} </ref> <!-- [[File:WNBR Brighton 2014 04.jpg|thumb|upright|At the [[World Naked Bike Ride]] in Brighton, 2014]]-- better image now used--> By 1943 there were a number of these so-called "sun clubs" and together they formed the [[British Sun Bathers Association]] or BSBA. In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split off to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC. In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.<ref name=bntimeline/> The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the [[British Naturism|Central Council for British Naturism]] or [[British Naturism|CCBN]]. This organisation structure has remained much the same but it is now called [[British Naturism]] which is often abbreviated to BN.<ref name=bntimeline/> BN is currently a [[company limited by guarantee]]. The first official nude beach was opened at [[Fairlight Glen]] in Covehurst Bay near [[Hastings]] in 1978 (not to be confused with [[Fairlight Cove]], which is 2&nbsp;km to the east) followed later by the beaches at [[Brighton]] and [[Fraisthorpe]]. [[Bridlington]] opened in April 1980.<ref name=bntimeline/> == In North America == === Canada === In [[Canada]], individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. After 1940 they had their own Canadian magazine, ''Sunbathing & Health'', which occasionally carried local news. Canadians had scattered groups in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club, formed in 1939, and continues today in North Vancouver, BC.,{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} and, in Ontario, the Sun Air Club. Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later, the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} Most of those clubs united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in the breakup of CSA into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next decade and a half, leading to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA continues today as the American Association for Nude Recreation&nbsp;– Western Canadian Region (www.aanr-wc.com), a region of the [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR) which itself was formerly known as the ASA.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} In 1977 the [[La Fédération Québécoise de Naturisme|Fédération québécoise de naturisme]] (FQN) was founded in Quebec, by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. In 1985 the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the [[FQN-FCN Union]] as the official Canadian representative in the [[International Naturist Federation]] (INF).{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} === United States === <!-- Nude beach is important aspect of many Naturists' lives. So if u wish to remove the below given pic, plz discuss on Talk page before doing that --> [[File:Haulover-skinny-dipping.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.7|A group of naturists at [[Haulover Park]], USA]] {{see also|American Association for Nude Recreation|List of social nudity places in the United States}} In 1925, Katherine and Herman Shoshinki were familiar with nudism from Germany from 1918 to 1923. Kurt Barthel founded the [[American League for Physical Culture]] in 1929 and organized the first nudist event. In about 1930 they organized the [[American Gymnosophical Association]]. Barthel founded America's first official [[nudist]] camp, Sky Farm in [[New Jersey]], in May, 1932.<ref>Ellensburg Daily Record, Aug 2, 1932</ref> Around 1932, AGA established the [[Rock Lodge Club]] as a nudist facility in [[Stockholm, New Jersey]] and [[Ilsley Boone]], a [[Dutch Reformed]] minister, formed the [[Christian naturism]] movement. Naturism began expanding nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clothesfree.com/history.html |title=The History of Social Nudism – Nudist History |publisher=Clothesfree.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/a-brief-history-of-naturism-nudism History of Naturism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002734/http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/a-brief-history-of-naturism-nudism |date=2013-12-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html |title=Body Acceptance: A Brief History of Social Nudity |publisher=Lupinlodge.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019234814/http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html |archivedate=2012-10-19 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nef.oshkosh.net/Toni_Egbert_Library/US_District_Courts/Roberts_v__Clement/roberts_v__clement.html |title=Roberts v. Clement |publisher=Nef.oshkosh.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> Nudism venues were teetotal until 1970,<ref>The Bulletin (AANR), March 2010, p.6</ref> The [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR) is the national naturist organization. [[Arnd Krüger]] compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects (''Zuchtwahl'') were important for the breakthrough (e.g. the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events), while in the U.S. nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties.{{sfn|Krüger|1992|p=343}} The AANR withdrew from the INF in 2010.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{clarify|date=September 2015}}<!-- what's this mean to U.S. nudism? --> In 2008, a young adults group organized as Florida Young Naturists<ref name="Florida Young Naturists FYN"/> held their first Naked Bash which has since been repeated 3-4 times a year, growing into one of the largest young naturist gatherings in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/top-10-reasons-to-get-totally-nude-at-the-florida-young-naturists-naked-spring-bash-nsfw-6424673|title=Top 10 Reasons to Get Totally Nude at the Florida Young Naturists' Naked Spring Bash|last=|first=|date=|website=New Times Broward-Palm Beach|access-date=}}</ref> In 2009, a campaign to promote Nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by AANR to record the largest simultaneous Skinny Dip at several U.S. Clubs and beaches, occurring on July 11 of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wreckbeach.org/archive/AANRWorldRecordSkinnyDipFinal.pdf|title=The AANR World Record Skinny-Dip|last=|first=|date=|website=Wreck beach|access-date=}}</ref> In 2010, A new organization formed called [[Young Naturists and Nudists America]] which was mostly focused around the younger generation as well as social issues, such as [[body image]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Fallon |first=Claire |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/25/nudism-problems_n_7647806.html |title=Take It Off! The Fine Art Of Getting Naked In A Clothed World |publisher=huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.natcorn.org.uk/young-naturists-america-is-closing-in-2017/ |title=Young Naturists America is closing in 2017; The End of Young Naturists America, Inc.|date= |accessdate=2018-03-16}}</ref> In 2014, an organization called Unconstitutional Arkansas was created to highlight the unconstitutionality of laws that prohibit or impede nudism. The organization uses Arkansas law § 5-68-204 as a case study, but claims all anti-nudism laws infringe the constitutional right to assemble.<ref name="UnconstitutionalArkansas.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.UnconstitutionalArkansas.org |title=Arkansas Law § 5-68-204 Violates First Amendment Rights |publisher=UnconstitutionalArkansas.org}}</ref> ===Mexico=== [[File:Zipolite Playa Nudista.png|thumb|upright=0.7|frame|Banner announcing 2016 legalization of nudity at Playa Zipolite]] Beach nudity in [[Playa Zipolite]] is legal.<ref name="legal" /> Elsewhere, Mexican law condemns only "immorality" and thus the issue ends up being a matter of the judge's criteria. Private libertine/lifestyle type resorts exist in Mexico that might not be characterized as Naturist. (see [[List of social nudity places in North America#Mexico]]) [[Zipolite]], [[Oaxaca]] As of 2016, [[Playa Zipolite]] is Mexico's first and only legal public [[nude beach]].<ref name=legal>{{Cite web|url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf|title=Municipal declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nude optional beaches by the Cabildo de San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca|date=2016}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11848026 |title=What it was like to stay at the Nude Hotel in Zipolite, Mexico |last=Ditzian |first=Danielle |date=2017 |website= |publisher=NZ Herald |access-date= |quote=''Zipolite is a small, little-known town on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It not only boasts being the only legal nude beach in Mexico, but is often likened to a town stuck in the 1960s. With the entire beach being clothing optional, it is unlike anywhere else I have ever had the pleasure of visiting''.}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturistaction.org/newsletter/Newsletter__01-10.pdf |title=The Ups and Downs of a Mexican Nude Beach Proposal |last=Storey |first=Mark |date=2010 |website= |publisher=Naturist Action Committee |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> A "free beach" and unofficially nudist for more than 30 years, this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country. The numerous nudists, and the long tradition, make it safe for nudism and naturism. Annually since 2016, on the first weekend of February, Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clarin.com/viajes/desfiles-baile-poca-ropa-festival-nudista-zipolite_0_H1CVqONUz.html|title=Parades, dance, and few clothes at the Zipolite Nudist Festival |last= |first= |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Clarín, Argentina |access-date= |quote=''Thousands of visitors arrived on the weekend of February 3 and 4 … to participate in the 2018 Nudist Festival…''}}</ref> organized by the Federación Nudista de México.<ref name="Federación Nudista de México FNM"/> * Hotel Nude<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nudezipolite.com/|title=Hotel Nude, Playa Zipolite}}</ref> is Zipolite's first nude-optional resort/hotel. == In Asia == Generally, public nudity in Asia is not tolerated. However, some traditional, religious or cultural nudity has survived the introduction of Western moral values against nudity, such as the Jain Digambara monks in India, hot springs in Taiwan and Japan, and some traditional tribes in Papua. Nudism and naked recreation is slowly developing in some countries, mainly Indonesia (Bali) and Thailand. Nudists meet on the internet (e.g. Bareskinasia.com) and organize activities in remote or private locations. Several nudists also have their own blogs.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} === Indonesia === In the seventies, nudity on [[Bali]]'s remote and deserted beaches was common but with the massive growth of tourism, this practice has disappeared. In 2002, nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach, the last beach in [[Seminyak]] that tolerated discreet nudity. Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts. Laki Uma Villa, the first naturist facility to open, was for gay men only. Bali au Naturel, the first adult-only nudist resort for both genders, opened its doors in 2004. It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added from two more swimming pools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unseen Bali|url=http://www.unseenbali.org|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref> === Nepal === Nudism is considered [[taboo]] in [[Nepal]]. Although there are no laws governing nudism, people may be detained, arrested and fined for public nudity. Nevertheless, many [[Hindu]] male sages practice nudism and they are not legally detained. Nudist sages can be seen in [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} === Thailand === Nudism has been successfully introduced in [[Pattaya]] (Chan Resort and more recently La Sala Villa), and several other small nudist resorts have been created all over [[Thailand]]. A gay hotel and sauna (Sansuk Hotel) located in Pattaya now also authorizes nudity in and around the swimming pool.<ref>[http://66.199.190.19/~sgt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=27690 Nudity and naturism in Pattaya] Sawatdee Gay Thailand {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206045956/http://66.199.190.19/~sgt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=27690 |date=2014-12-06 }}</ref> == Issues in social nudity == {{main|Issues in social nudity}} Naturism addresses, challenges and explores a myriad of sometimes [[taboo]] subjects: stereotypes and mores relating to the nude appearance of the human body, mixed [[sex]] nudity, [[personal space]], [[human sexuality]], [[gymnophobia]], [[modesty]], [[physical attractiveness]], [[vanity]], [[objectification]], exploitation and [[consent]]. It can thus be controversial. Descamps assembled a list of criticisms of naturism: it is too cold; normal bodies look ugly—it is only for the physically beautiful; it is too embarrassing; it is against the laws of nature, against the law, or against religion; "[[nudity and sexuality|nudism makes me think of sex]]"; it is for primitive people or animals.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Naturism can sometimes contain aspects of eroticism, although the debate about this is often simplified and seen negatively in the media and the public mind and by many modern naturists and naturist organisations. Historically the experience and discussion of erotic feelings during naturist activities such as dance and gymnastics played an important part in early Germanic naturism and formed part of its 'positive' connection with nature. However, it was when naturism arrived in the more sexually conservative cultures of the UK and the United States that the expression and discussion of eroticism within naturism became frowned upon.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} Smith states {{quote|the main reason younger people are not becoming naturists is the inability of modern naturism to engage with the issue of sexuality. While it is true that "naturism became popular in Germany...as a healthy outdoor lifestyle", this lifestyle also included a recognition that, socially, nudity could sometimes be erotic. It was only when naturism arrived in a more sexually conservative Britain that sexual feelings were censored out to make naturism culturally acceptable.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} }} This statement is in response to the quote "The world of naturism is in trouble. Membership is falling, and fewer young people than ever are getting involved. Has the great nude adventure run its course? "{{sfn|Barkham|2007}} Smith and King pose the [[Issues in social nudity#Sexual wellbeing|further points]] in their 2009 peer reviewed paper ''Naturism and Sexuality:broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing ''{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}} === Issues for the naturist community === Many countries and states have laws which adversely affect naturists. Oftentimes, these laws are intended to address "indecent exposure", but are so broadly written that they criminalize ordinary, non-sexual nudity. Some laws, however, specifically target naturism. For example, in [[Arkansas]] in the United States, not only is nudism illegal (even on private property), it is a crime to "promote" or "advocate" (i.e. express a favourable opinion about) nudism.<ref name="UnconstitutionalArkansas.org"/> Any social group is said to go through four phases: [[Forming-storming-norming-performing|forming, storming, norming, performing]], wrote [[Bruce Tuckman]] in 1965. In this context one can understand some of the current pressures on various aspects of naturism: * Naturist club isolation: established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} * A family movement in a time of social change: a change in needs and expectations, away from one of a permanent commitment towards one of change and choice. * Multi-gen preferences: each generation is a specific social group which needs to have its own norms that are consistent with common rules. * Clubs vs. holiday centres: organizations with different roots find it difficult to establish common rules. The contention between those espousing a year-round commitment to an ideal, and those who see it as summer-only recreation. Club naturism is declining, while the number of people that assume naturist facilities will be available at any holiday resort is rising. The number of users of free beaches may exceed the number of people who wish to join a club.<!-- Please add a statistic --> * Paid staff and volunteers: many clubs were established as cooperatives, but the values change when a few members put in the capital or work needed.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} This became more difficult when some members were paid to act as site managers.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} * Infiltration by other groups: for many years clubs had strict "No singles" policies to maintain the family nature of the club.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}} Many other social groups practice non-family nudism, whether it be social singles, [[Homosexuality|gay]] naturists or [[Swinging (sexual practice)|swingers]]. * [[Exhibitionism|Exhibitionists]] and [[Voyeurism|voyeurs]]: as unwelcome in a naturist community as in a clothed community.<ref name="CCBN172">{{Citation | last =Boura | first =Malcolm | title = Campaigning | journal =British Naturism | volume =BN 172 | issue = | page = 31 | date =Summer 2007 | url = | doi = | id = | issn = 0264-0406}}</ref> * Risk of being filmed in nude without permission, such as at nude beach. Such photos and videos can then be put on internet. * Sunburn and skin cancer. *Large numbers of clothed people visit clothing optional and nudist beaches and make the naturists feel uncomfortable, "like they've become a spectacle".<ref name="abc2016">{{Cite web | title = Broome nudists in battle for beach as naturism declines | last = Parke | first = Erin | work = ABC News | date = 24 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-24/is-public-nudity-on-the-wane-in-australia/7653938 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="cbc._Getn">{{Cite web | title = Get naked or take a hike, angry nudists tell 'lookie-loos' | author = | work = CBC News | date = 21 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/nudists-canada-overexposure-turf-war-1.3689094 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="thes_Hanl">{{Cite web | title = Hanlan’s Point nudists want beach-goers to bare all | last = Botelho-Urbanski | first = Jessica | work = Toronto Star | date = 20 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/07/20/hanlans-point-nudists-want-beach-goers-to-bare-all.html | quote = }}</ref> * An issue, a decade ago in naturist resorts like [[Cap d'Agde]] has been the clash between "fundamentalist" naturists and the [[Swinging (sexual practice)|échangistes]] who are sexually open <!--(including those who do [[oral sex]], [[group sex]] or practise [[BDSM]])--> on the naturist beaches and bars.<ref name="outrage">{{Cite web | title = Outraged villagers protest over open-air sex at naturist beach | author = Kim Willsher | work = Guardian News | date = 7 Nov 2010 | accessdate = 28 Dec 2017 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/nov/07/open-air-sex-nudist-beach }}</ref> === Magazines === Magazines published by, for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped: * Magazines published by an "official" national organisation, such as ''BN'' ([[British Naturism]]), ''Going Natural/Au naturel'' ([[Federation of Canadian Naturists|FCN/FQN]]), ''Nude & Natural Magazine'' [[The Naturist Society|TNS]], ''gonatural'' (New Zealand Naturist Federation). * Independent magazines published for naturists, such as ''Naturally'', ''[[H&E naturist]]'' and ''TAN'' (acronym of ''The Australian Naturist''). * Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models, which are disapproved of by many naturists and non-naturists alike. Magazines in the second and, occasionally, third grouping feature naturist editorial and advertising, while some naturists argue over which magazines belonged in which of these categories&nbsp;– these views may change as publishers and editors change. Many clubs and groups have benefitted from magazines which, while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character, made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} (These days, the information and advertising provided online, and the wide availability of free online porn, has meant the disappearance of old-style 'skin' magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as or alongside naturist content. Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed&nbsp;– they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour.) Some naturists still feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved-of photographic content.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} === Photography, films and videos === Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds, though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media as the norm.<ref name=telegraph >{{Citation | last = Edwards| first = Adam| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Stark naked ambition| date = 10 May 2006 | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/05/10/ftnude10.xml&sSheet=/arts/2006/05/10/ixartright.html | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | publisher = [[Sunday Telegraph]]}} gives a history of naturism, written in a personal style that attempts to use this type of humour.</ref> Some commercial 'naturist' DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children. Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to paedophile inclinations, and ownership of these DVDs (and their earlier video cassette incarnations) has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children.<ref name=crowther1>{{Citation | title = Gay reverend fined over 'indecent' images of boys | url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/gay-reverend-fined-over-indecent-images-of-boys-26300917.html | accessdate = 3 April 2014 | work = Irish Independent }}</ref><ref name=crowther2>{{Citation|title=Rector found guilty over indecent images |date=29 June 2007 |url=http://www.4ie.ie/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=63004 |accessdate=4 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304193047/http://www.4ie.ie/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=63004 |archivedate= 4 March 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref name=ocarroll1>{{Citation | title = Paedophile campaigner walks free | work = BBC News online | date = 26 November 2002 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2516383.stm | accessdate = 3 April 2014}}</ref> One case was appealed, unsuccessfully, to the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref name=ocarroll2>{{Citation | title = O'Carroll vs the United Kingdom | date = 15 May 2005 | url=http://echr.ketse.com/doc/35557.03-en-20050315/view/ | accessdate = 3 April 2014}}</ref> The precedents set by the court cases mean that possession in Britain of any naturist image of a child is, potentially, grounds for prosecution. Photo shoots, including major high-profile works by [[Spencer Tunick]], are done on public places including beaches.{{efn|Photography in public nude beaches Nudists who visit public nude beaches may be photographed by [[street photography|street photographers]], [[social documentary photography|social documentary photographers]], [[photojournalism|photojournalists]] or other kinds of photographers without the nudists' knowledge and in the United States and most democratic countries the photographers have the law on their side as no individual has an [[expectation of privacy]] in a [[public place]] and photographers are not required to have the naturists' consent before photographing them or publishing and selling the pictures or videos.{{sfn|NJ|2011}} In many countries there exist private nudist areas in which photography is not allowed and naturists who wish to not be photographed can enjoy their activities there. However, naturists who wish to not be photographed in public nude beaches have found various ways to make the photographers leave the beach, such as photographing the photographer and publishing such photos. Some nude beaches provide fences that block the view from nearby streets.<ref>[http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g147317-d155079-i25617439-Club_Ambiance-Runaway_Bay_Saint_Ann_Parish_Jamaica.html Trip Advisor]</ref> }} <!-- This paragraph needs to be developed expanded and floated as a separate page --> <!-- Needs ref and maybe a naturist magazines list page --> <!-- ==Terminology== * ''Clothist'' is a term describing someone who does not practice social nudity.-- Is there a reference for this term?-- Never heard it used in Europe. Supported by Korky Day * ''[[Gymnophobia]]'' is an irrational fear or anxiety about being seen naked, or about seeing others naked. === Humour === * A ''cottontail'' is a term describing someone whose [[buttocks]] are paler than his or her legs and back, caused by [[sun tanning]] while wearing a swimsuit. (US specific) * In uniform, ie nude.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}} * A ''[[acomoclitism|shaved]]'' individual or ''smoothie'' is one who shaves off much of his/her body hair, including the pubic hair. This is so common now- does the word still exist? It sounds derogatory * ''[[Topfree]]'' means bare-chested (leaving chest and breasts uncovered), or a place that allows uncovered female and male chests. The term was coined by activists to use instead of the term "topless", which has a negative connotation to some, in part because it is used by strip clubs. Naturist women felt they'd rather be "free" than "less". Topless is also used. Is this not a historical term that is no longer current? --> <!-- Recent research has begun to explore this complex and historical relationship while highlighting how erotic experiences within naturism may actually enhance sexual wellbeing and be a positive force within naturism.<ref name=smithking/> --> <!-- {{POV-statement|date=November 2008}} Summary of chapter 1, of Descamps which is referenced above-- this subsection is about opinions- please suggest better wording on the talk page --> <!-- See talk page for discussion of Nikki Craft- and her display of disturbing links --> <!-- Those inexperienced in social nudity often say that they fear that it contributes to an imbalance of power between men and women. {{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} They say that women and children are more vulnerable when nude, and can be exploited.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} While that might be true in a situation of commercial nudity, such as a strip club, women advocates of social nudity assert the opposite, especially in an established nude group. The men are nude there as well, no money is changing hands, nor is anyone in any sense giving a "performance". No one pays to be nude and no one is being paid to be nude. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Padding --> <!-- Move to new page: * [[Arkansas]], which calls itself "The Natural State" on its licence plates, has made it illegal for people to advocate nudism under code 5-68-204 section C which states: : "''It is unlawful for any: : ''(1) Person, club, camp, corporation, partnership, association, or organization to advocate, demonstrate, or promote nudism; or '' : ''(2) Person to rent, lease, or otherwise permit his or her land, premises, or buildings to be used for the purpose of advocating, demonstrating, or promoting nudism.''" its none too easy to do in Saudi Arabia either --> <!-- Some people believe that the naked human body is to be accepted, respected, cherished, and enjoyed. They believe it is not inherently shameful, corrupting, degrading, or dangerous. Many of them enjoy clothes free activities. They reject views that being naked with other people is morally wrong ([[indecent exposure|indecent]]), [[sexual]] ''per se'' ([[erotic]] or [[pornographic]]). They argue that nakedness is a healthy, [[nature|natural]] state, that being nude is to be in the purest form, since everyone was [[birth|born]] nude. They generally find that they quickly become so accustomed to being nude among nudes that it no longer seems very remarkable. It is, rather, simply one part of their [[lifestyle]]. --> <!-- Practitioners say that they are not pruriently interested in seeing others naked (which, if for sexual pleasure, is called [[voyeurism]]) or in being seen naked by others (likewise: [[exhibitionism]]). --> == See also == {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Bodypainting]] * [[Breastfeeding in public]] * [[Clothing-optional bike ride]] * [[Clothes free organizations]] * [[List of places where social nudity is practised]] * [[Naked party]] * [[Nude swimming]] * [[Timeline of non-sexual social nudity]] * [[Young Naturists America]] * [[Public nudity]] * [[Streaking]] ** [[Streaking at educational institutions]] * [[Topfreedom]] * [[Toplessness]] {{div col end}} == Footnotes == {{notelist|2}} == Notes == {{Reflist|30em}} == References == {{refbegin|2}} === Monographs === * {{cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=Mrs. Frances |last2=Merrill|first2=Mason |title=Among the Nudists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LGBAAAAMAAJ|year=1931|publisher=A. A. Knopf|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Daley|first=Caroline |title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hoffman|first=Brian S. |title=Naked: A Cultural History of American Nudism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RUICAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9053-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Anon|1997|p=}}|author=Anon|title=Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb_RPAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Moorland Publishing Company, Limited|isbn=978-90-6716-833-5}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Anon|2002|p=}}|author=Anon|title=Naked Places: A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhBmAAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Mercury Productions|isbn=978-0-9656089-3-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bagby & Erikso|1993|p=}}|first1=Julie |last1=Bagby|first2=Arne |last2=Erikso|title=North American Guide to Nude Recreation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTA2AAAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=American Association for Nude Recreation (A A N R)|isbn=978-1-882033-05-8}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bancroft|2003|p=}}|first=John |last=Bancroft|title=Sexual Development in Childhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bibbgdfPg3AC|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34243-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Barcan|2004|p=}}|last=Barcan|first=Ruth |title=Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53-AAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-872-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Basford et al|1998|p=}}|first1=David|last1=Basford|first2=Stéphane |last2=Deschênes|first3=Paul |last3=Rapoport |title=The Canadian Guide to Naturist Resorts & Nude Beaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X1gPwAACAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Federation of Canadian Naturists|isbn=978-0-9682332-1-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Baxandall|1997|p=}}|first=Lee|last=Baxandall|title=World Guide to Nude Beaches & Recreation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4StAAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Naturist Society|isbn=978-0-934106-21-4|author-link=Lee Baxandall}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bellamy|1987|p=}}|first=Guy|last=Bellamy|title=The Nudists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPzVAQAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-14-009772-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bonner|2000|p=209-}}|first=Barbara L. |last=Bonner |editor=Howard Dubowitz|others=Diane DePanfilis |title=Handbook for Child Protection Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37dhPVW-NXUC&pg=PA209 |year=2000|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-1371-9|chapter=When does sexual play suggest a problem?}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Carr-Gomm|2012|p=}}|first=Philip |last=Carr-Gomm|title=A Brief History of Nakedness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rwBFAz-En0C|date=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-729-9}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Charles & Mayhew-Smith|2004|p=}}|first1=Mike |last1=Charles|first2=Nick|last2=Mayhew-Smith|title=Bare Beaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6GIAAAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=LifeStyle|isbn=978-0-9544767-1-7}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Choin|2002}}|first=Mireille |last=Choin|title=World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n9nQEACAAJ |year=2002|publisher=International Naturist Federation.|isbn=978-90-5583-833-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Clark|1993|p=}}|last=Clark|first=Kenneth |title=The Nude: A Study of Ideal Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCBjPwAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-14-017336-9|author-link=Kenneth Clark}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Clarke|1982|p=}}|last=Clarke|first=Magnus |title=Nudism in Australia: A First Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N4FAgAACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Deakin University Press|isbn=978-0-949823-08-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Daley|2013|p=227–}}|first=Caroline|last=Daley|title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Darter|2011|p=}}| first=Larry |last=Darter|title=American Nudist Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msuhZwEACAAJ |date=2011 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-4611-1638-7}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Descamps|1987|p=}}|first=Marc-Alain |last=Descamps|title=Vivre nu: psychosociologie du naturisme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUoPQAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Trismégiste|isbn=978-2-86509-026-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Descamps|2005}}|title=Histoire de Montalivet et des Naturistes du Medoc|first=Marc-Alain|last=Descamps|date=2005|publisher= Editions Publimag|isbn=2-9524240-0-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Egger & Egger|2009|p=180}}|first1=Liz|last1=Egger|first2=James|last2=Egger|title=The Complete Guide to Nudism and Naturism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnFqngEACAAJ |year=2009|publisher=Wicked Books|isbn=978-0-9562313-0-7}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Goodson|1991|p=}}|first=Aileen |last=Goodson|title=Therapy, Nudity & Joy: The Therapeutic Use of Nudity Through the Ages, from Ancient Ritual to Modern Psychology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE6aAAAACAAJ |date=1991 |publisher=Elysium Growth Press |isbn=978-1-55599-028-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Gordon & Schroeder|1995|p=16}}|first1=Betty N. |last1=Gordon|first2=Carolyn S. |last2=Schroeder|title=Sexuality: A Developmental Approach to Problems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0nHGzRyb6gC |date=31 May 1995|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-45040-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Harrison & Perry|1993|p=}}|first1=Charles |last1=Harrison|first2=Gillian |last2=Perry|title=Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fMCLqhEKYoC|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05516-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hartman et al|1971|p=}}|last1=Hartman|first1=William E. |last2=Fithian|first2=Marilyn |last3=Johnson|first3=Donald |title=Nudist Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lFmlwEACAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Avon}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hau|2003|p=}}|first=Michael |last=Hau|title=The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUYf5MbSYgC|year=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31974-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hollander|1993|p=}}|last=Hollander|first=Anne |title=Seeing Through Clothes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSItqzbG9nIC|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08231-1}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Jones & Broadley|1979|p=}}|first1=Judith |last1=Jones|first2=Colin |last2=Broadley|title=Nambassa: A New Direction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrk2mwEACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=A. H. & A. W. Reed|isbn=978-0-589-01216-8}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Kennedy|2013|p=}}|first=Hubert |last=Kennedy|title=Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0a7aAAAAQBAJ|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-99203-5}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Krüger|1992|p=}}|first=Arnd|last=Krüger|authorlink=Arnd Krüger|editor=Norbert Finzsch & Hermann Wellenreuther|title=Liberalitas: Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65. Geburtstag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHdS3QcNMcoC&pg=PA4|year=1992|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-05656-4|chapter=Zwischen Sex und Zuchtwahl. Nudismus und Naturismus in Deutschland und Amerika}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Lunceford|2012|p=}}|first=Brett |last=Lunceford|title=Naked Politics: Nudity, Political Action, and the Rhetoric of the Body|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAbKvVF5nYcC|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-6709-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Mars-Jones|1991|p=152}}|first=Adam |last=Mars-Jones|editor=Giles Gordon and David Hughes|title=The Minerva book of short stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcHo2VGy-WcC|year=1991|publisher=Minerva|isbn=978-0-7493-9085-3|chapter=Summer Lightning}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Mcallister & Mcallister|2005|p=}}|first1=Byron|last1=Mcallister|first2=Kay|last2=Mcallister|title=Undercover Nudist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCSZPQAACAAJ|date=2005|publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1-59431-186-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Miles|2006|p=}}|last=Miles|first=Margaret R. |title=Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the Christian West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pLAwAAQBAJ|year=2006|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-59752-901-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Nead|2002|p=}}|last=Nead|first=Lynda |title=The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2uIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-97276-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Norwood|1933|p=}}|last=Norwood|first=C. E. (Revd) |title=Nudism in England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_C2PAAACAAJ |year=1933|publisher=Douglas}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Parmelee|1952|p=}}|last=Parmelee|first=Maurice |title=Nudism in Modern Life: The New Gymnosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQ47ngEACAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Sunshine Book Company}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Schneider|2009|p=41}}|last=Schneider|first=Andreas |title=Kreta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNZYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=DuMont Reiseverlag|isbn=978-3-7701-7231-3|language=German}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Shantz|2013|pp=226-}}|last=Shantz|first=Mary-Ann|editor=Patrizia Gentile & Jane Nicholas|title=Contesting Bodies and Nation in Canadian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1387-4|chapter=Nudity as Embodied Citizenship and Spectacle: Pageants at Canada's Nudist Clubs, 1949 to 1975}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Smith|first1=Dennis Craig |last2=Sparks|first2=William |title=The Naked Child: Growing Up Without Shame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whagAQAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Elysium Growth Press|isbn=978-1-55599-000-8}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Storey|2003|p=}}|first=Mark |last=Storey|authorlink=Mark Storey|title=Cinema Au Naturel: A History of Nudist Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOMNAAAACAAJ|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Naturist Education Foundation, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-9740844-0-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Toepfer|1997|p=}}|first=Karl Eric |last=Toepfer|title=Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvYUZh75WwC|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91827-6}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Williams|2007|p=}}|last=Williams|first=John Alexander |title=Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900-1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGemAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0015-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Worpole|2000|p=}}|last=Worpole|first=Ken |title=Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-Century European Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RwIw9XMszQC&pg=PA45|date=1 December 2000|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-073-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Woycke|2003|p=}}|first=James|last=Woycke|title=Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iAPCjYBW6AC|year=2003|publisher=FCN|isbn=978-0-9682332-3-8}} === Journal articles === * {{Citation |ref={{sfnref|Buchy|2005}}| last = Buchy| first = Philip Edward| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = A Nudist Resort, thesis for MA| publisher = Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Department of Architecture| volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | year = 2005| url = https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/6?101387268215227:P0_SEARCH:NO:| accessdate = 2007-11-29 | doi = | id = | issn = }} * {{cite journal| author =| last =Martin| first =Richard| last2 =| first2 =| date =1991| title =The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing| url =| journal =Utopian Studies| publisher =Penn State University Press| volume =| issue =4| pages =79–84| doi =| jstor =20718951| ref = {{sfnref|Martin|1991 }}}} * {{Cite journal| title = Becoming a nudist| last= Weinberg|first= Martin S.| journal= Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes| date = 1966| accessdate = 2014-08-14| url = http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1966-11065-001| volume= 21| issue= 1| pages=15–24}} * {{Cite journal| title = Does Shedding one's Clothes Imply Shedding one's Culture? A Crosscultural Test of Nudism Claims| first= H. W. |last=Smith| journal= International Review of Modern Sociology| date = 1980| volume=10| issue=2| pages=255–268| jstor=41420756| url =| ref={{sfnref|Smith|1980}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=B.|first1=J. B.|title=Criminal Law and Procedure: Indecent Exposure: Nudism|journal=Michigan Law Review|volume=33|issue=6|year=1935|page=936|issn=0026-2234|doi=10.2307/1281779|jstor=1281779}} * {{cite journal|last1=Barcan|first1=Ruth|title='The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': Female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze |journal=Continuum |volume=15|issue=3|year=2001|pages=303–317|issn=1030-4312|doi=10.1080/10304310120086795}} * {{cite journal|last1=Barcan|first1=Ruth|title="Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns |journal=Fashion Theory |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=63–82 |issn=1362-704X |doi=10.2752/136270404778051870}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=D.|last2=Holliday|first2=R.|title=Naked as Nature Intended|journal=Body & Society |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |year=2000 |pages=127–140|issn=1357-034X|doi=10.1177/1357034X00006003007}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bullough|first1=Vern L.|title=In memory of William Hartman|journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=34 |issue=4 |year=1997|pages=427–428|issn=0022-4499|doi=10.1080/00224499709551910}} * {{cite journal|last1=Cleminson|first1=Richard|title=Making sense of the body: anarchism, nudism and subjective experience|journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies|volume=81|issue=6|year=2004|pages=697–716|issn=1475-3820|doi=10.1080/1475382042000272256}} * {{cite journal|last1=Crosby|first1=Donald A.|title=Naturism as a Form of Religious Naturalism |journal=Zygon|volume=38|issue=1|year=2003|pages=117–120|issn=0591-2385|doi=10.1111/1467-9744.00484}} * {{cite journal|last1=Daley|first1=Caroline|title=From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=31|issue=1|year=2005|pages=149–167|issn=0305-7488|doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.020}} * {{cite journal|last1=Downs|first1=J. F.|title=: Social Nudism in America . Fred Ilfeld, Jr., Roger Lauer.|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=68|issue=1|year=1966|pages=260–262|issn=0002-7294|doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00600}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kerin|first1=Rani|title='Natives Allowed to Remain Naked': An Unorthodox Approach to Medical Work at Ernabella Mission|journal=Health and History|volume=8|issue=1|year=2006|page=80|issn=1442-1771|doi=10.2307/40111530|jstor=40111530}} * {{cite journal|last1=Makarova|first1=Veronika|title=Doukhobor ‘freedom seeker’ nudism: Exploring the sociocultural roots |journal=Culture and Religion |volume=14|issue=2|year=2013|pages=131–145|issn=1475-5610|doi=10.1080/14755610.2012.706228}} * {{cite journal|last1=McLellan|first1=Josie|title=State Socialist Bodies: East German Nudism from Ban to Boom*|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=79|issue=1|year=2007|pages=48–79|issn=0022-2801|doi=10.1086/517544}} * {{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=N. J.|title=Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain|journal=Cultural Geographies|volume=16|issue=3|year=2009|pages=283–308|issn=1474-4740|doi=10.1177/1474474009105049}} * {{cite journal|last1=Okami|first1=Paul|last2=Olmstead|first2=Richard|last3=Abramson|first3=Paul R.|last4=Pendleton|first4=Laura|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=27|issue=4|year=1998|pages=361–384|issn=0004-0002|doi=10.1023/A:1018736109563|ref={{sfnref|Okami et al|1998}}|title=Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Nudity and Scenes of Parental Sexuality ("Primal Scenes"): An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Outcome|pmid=9681119}} * {{cite journal|last1=Okami|first1=Paul|title=Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and "primal scenes": A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence|journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=32|issue=1|year=1995|pages=51–63|issn=0022-4499|doi=10.1080/00224499509551774|ref={{sfnref|Okami|1995}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Schrank|first1=S.|title=Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburbs|journal=Journal of Urban History|volume=38|issue=4|year=2012|pages=635–661|issn=0096-1442|doi=10.1177/0096144211434988}} * {{cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=M. S.|title=Marguerite S. Shaffer on the Environmental Nude|journal=Environmental History|volume=13|issue=1|year=2008|pages=126–139|issn=1084-5453|doi=10.1093/envhis/13.1.126-a|jstor=25473196|subscription=yes }} * {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Glenn|last2=King|first2=Michael|title=Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing|journal=Health & Place|volume=15|issue=2|year=2009|pages=439–446|issn=1353-8292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=H. W.|title=A modest test of cross-cultural differences in sexual modesty, embarrassment and self-disclosure|journal=Qualitative Sociology|volume=3|issue=3|year=1980|pages=223–241|issn=0162-0436|doi=10.1007/BF00987137}} * {{cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=H. C.|title=Social nudism and the body taboo.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=40|issue=2|year=1933|pages=160–183|issn=0033-295X|doi=10.1037/h0073466}} * {{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Martin S.|title=Sexual Modesty, Social Meanings, and the Nudist Camp|journal=Social Problems|volume=12|issue=3|year=1965|pages=311–318|issn=0037-7791|doi=10.2307/798936|jstor=798936}} * {{cite journal|last1=Woodall|first1=Ellen E.|title=The American Nudist Movement: From Cooperative to Capital, the Song Remains the Same|journal=The Journal of Popular Culture|volume=36|issue=2|year=2003|pages=264–284|issn=0022-3840|doi=10.1111/1540-5931.00006}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lempa|first1=Heikki|title=Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900–1940 (review)|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=21|issue=2|year=2012|pages=350–352|issn=1535-3605|doi=10.1353/sex.2012.0032}} === Newspaper articles === * {{Cite web| title = A stitch in time| first= Patrick |last=Barkham| work = The Guardian| date = 31 May 2007| accessdate = 2014-08-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,2091657,00.html| ref= {{sfnref|Barkham|2007}}}} * {{Cite web| title = Nudity can be erotic and naturists should not have to deny it| first= Glenn |last=Smith| work = the Guardian| date = 6 June 2007| accessdate = 2014-08-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/06/comment.comment| ref= {{sfnref|Smith|2007}}}} *{{Cite web | title = Going naked in public - unspoken rules | last = Schneider | first = Kate | work = NewsComAu | date = 23 February 2016 | accessdate = 2016-04-27 | url = http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/adventure/the-rules-of-going-naked-in-public/news-story/b32fe64a4db995e803c16ff2711d51de | quote = }} === Websites === * {{Citation |ref={{sfnref|Anderson |2000}}|last =Anderson | first =Howard | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Why be a naturist: Statistics| date = | year = 2000| url = http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm| accessdate=24 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219220940/http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm |archivedate=19 December 2008 |deadurl=yes}} * {{Citation|ref={{sfnref|Farrar|2005}}|last=Farrar|first=Michael|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028021435/http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44|url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44|date=9 November 2005|title=The Fellowship of the Naked Trust|issn=0264-0406|archive-date=2011-08-30|accessdate=14 Feb 2014|deadurl=yes}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=Howard|last2=Monterrubio|first2=Juan Carlos|last3=Miller|first3=Amanda|title=‘Gay’ tourists and host community attitudes|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research |volume=12|issue=6|year=2010|pages=774–786|issn=1099-2340|doi=10.1002/jtr.792}} * {{cite web| first= Kathleen |last=O'Brien| title = Visitors of N.J. nude beach face the increasing threat of lurking photographers| work = The Star Ledger| accessdate = 2014-07-30| date = 2011-07-03| url = http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/07/visitors_of_nj_nude_beach_face.html}} * {{cite web| ref=harv| first= Michelle |last =Higgins| title = No Shoes, No Shirt, No Worries| work = New York Times| accessdate = 2014-07-30| date = 2008-04-27| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/travel/27nude.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&}} * {{cite web| title = The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S.| first= Jennifer|last= Hile| work = National Geographic News| date = 21 July 2004| publisher = National Geographic Society| accessdate = 2014-08-09| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_tvnude.html| language =| quote =}} * {{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Montananaturist.org}}|url=http://montananaturist.org/Articles%20on%20Nudism%20-%20What%20is.html |title=Montana Naturist website |publisher=Montananaturist.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}} {{refend}} === A bibliography of the economic impacts of naturism === * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Crick|first=Malcolm |title=Resplendent Sites, Discordant Voices: Sri Lankans and International Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fV0gGacvJZQC|year=1994|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-3-7186-5564-9}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Theobald|first=William F. |title=Global Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_gqz7u9iboC&pg=PA123|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7506-7789-9}} * {{Cite journal| title = Demanding Vacation ''au naturel'': European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera| first= Stephen L. |last=Harp| journal= The Journal of Modern History|volume= 83|issue= 3|date=September 2011|pages=513–543|jstor=10.1086/660365|subscription=yes| doi=10.1086/660365}} * {{Cite journal| title = Local societies faced with nudist tourism. Results of a qualitative study on the Pacific coast of Mexico| last1 = Monterrubio|first1= J. C|last2= Jaurand|first2= E.| journal=Téoros, Revue de Recherche en Tourisme| issn= 0712-8657| date = 2009|volume=28|issue=2|pages=83–92| accessdate = 2014-09-23| url = http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103064065.html| quote =}} == External links == {{Wikivoyage|Naturism}} {{wiktionary|naturism}} {{Wikiquote|Nudity}} <!--* [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/948 Dr Joseph Melling reviews Carr-Gomm's ''A Brief History of Nakedness''] * [http://daphnesensei.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/nudity-nudism-two-essays/ Nudity & Nudism&nbsp;– two essays] not sure what this adds --> * [http://www.inf-fni.org/ International Naturist Federation] * [http://www.naturisme.be/ Federatie van het Belgisch Naturisme] (FBN) * [http://federacionnudistademexico.org/ Federación Nudista de México] (FNM) * [http://www.naturistliving.bareoaks.ca/ Naturist Living Show] * [https://felicitysblog.com/ Felicity's Blog - Comprehensive Resource about Nudism and Naturism] * {{dmoz|Recreation/Nudism|Naturism}} * [http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/nudity_in_public/ UK Crown Prosecution Service - Nudity in Public] * [http://www.fenait.org/index.php/en/ Federazione Naturista Italiana] * [http://www.chron.com/life/article/David-Kaplan-This-HISD-skinny-dip-was-no-fun-1566999.php Discussion of nude swimming in American Junior High Schools up to the 1960s] {{Commons and category|Naturism}} {{Nudity}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Naturism| ]] [[Category:Public nudity]] [[Category:Social theories]] [[Category:Underground culture]] [[Category:Utopias]] 45b24a6bb609c359cd2fb2a52024d571e0fc9985 0 34 51 2018-07-01T19:01:20Z 24.210.174.39 0 Created page with "== Africa == [[Côte d'Ivoire]] [[Gabon]] [[Ghana]] [[Nigeria]] [[Mali]] [[South Africa]] == Americas == === North === [[Canada]] [[México]] [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]]..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Africa == [[Côte d'Ivoire]] [[Gabon]] [[Ghana]] [[Nigeria]] [[Mali]] [[South Africa]] == Americas == === North === [[Canada]] [[México]] [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]] [[United States]] === South === == Asia == === Midle East === [[Israel]] [[Turkey]] === East Asia === [[China]] [[Japan]] [[Korea, South]] === South Asia === [[Cambodia]] [[Indonesia]] [[India]] [[Laos]] [[Malaysia]] [[Mongolia]] [[Myanamar]] [[Singapore]] [[Thailand]] [[Viet Nam]] == Europe == === Central Europe === [[Austria]] [[Czech Republic]] [[Germany]] [[Hungary]] [[Poland]] [[Slovakia]] [[Slovenia]] [[Switzerland]] === Commonwealth of Independent States === [[Abkhazia]] [[Armenia]] [[Azerbaijan]] [[Belarus]] [[Crimea]] [[Georgia]] [[Kazakhstan]] [[Kyrgyzstan]] [[Moldova]] [[Ossetia-Alania]] [[Russia]] [[Tajikistan]] [[Turkmenistan]] [[Ukraine]] [[Uzbekistan]] === Nordic Countries === [[Denmark]] [[Finland]] [[Norway]] [[Sweden]] === Western Europe === [[Andorra]] [[Belgium]] [[France]] [[Iceland]] [[Ireland]] [[Italy]] [[Liechtenstein]] [[Luxembourg]] [[Malta]] [[Monaco]] [[Netherlands]] [[Portugal]] [[San Marino]] [[Spain]] [[United Kingdom]] === Eastern Europe and Balkans === [[Albania]] [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Bulgaria]] [[Croatia]] [[Estonia]] [[Greece]] [[Latvia]] [[Lithuania]] [[Romania]] [[Serbia and Montenegro]] == Oceania == [[New Calédonia]] [[Wallis and Futuna]] 75eb7a468fd3a8cd65f8efd57f91398a103432a0 53 51 2018-07-02T12:03:46Z 24.210.174.39 0 wikitext text/x-wiki == Africa == [[Côte d'Ivoire]] [[Gabon]] [[Ghana]] [[Nigeria]] [[Mali]] [[South Africa]] == Americas == === North === [[Canada]] [[México]] [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]] [[United States]] === South === == Asia == === Midle East === [[Israel]] [[Turkey]] === East Asia === [[China]] [[Japan]] [[Korea, South]] === South Asia === [[Cambodia]] [[Indonesia]] [[India]] [[Laos]] [[Malaysia]] [[Mongolia]] [[Myanamar]] [[Singapore]] [[Thailand]] [[Viet Nam]] == Europe == === Central Europe === [[Austria]] [[Czech Republic]] [[Germany]] [[Hungary]] [[Poland]] [[Slovakia]] [[Slovenia]] [[Switzerland]] === Commonwealth of Independent States === [[Abkhazia]] [[Armenia]] [[Azerbaijan]] [[Belarus]] [[Crimea]] [[Georgia]] [[Kazakhstan]] [[Kyrgyzstan]] [[Moldova]] [[Ossetia-Alania]] [[Russia]] [[Tajikistan]] [[Turkmenistan]] [[Ukraine]] [[Uzbekistan]] === Nordic Countries === [[Denmark]] [[Finland]] [[Norway]] [[Sweden]] === Western Europe === [[Andorra]] [[Belgium]] [[France]] [[Iceland]] [[Ireland]] [[Italy]] [[Liechtenstein]] [[Luxembourg]] [[Malta]] [[Monaco]] [[Netherlands]] [[Portugal]] [[San Marino]] [[Spain]] [[United Kingdom]] === Eastern Europe and Balkans === [[Albania]] [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Bulgaria]] [[Croatia]] [[Estonia]] [[Greece]] [[Latvia]] [[Lithuania]] [[Romania]] [[Serbia and Montenegro]] == Oceania == [[New Calédonia]] [[Wallis and Futuna]] 9d3e95022549e72b67b135eaf1e0811e6eef1e7e 0 35 52 2018-07-02T04:21:11Z 24.210.174.39 0 Created page with " == Attractions == === Krasnodar === [[Divnomorskoe]] === Moscow === == Prevalence of Naturism == == Customs == It is customary in a Russian ''banya'' (sauna) to complet..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Attractions == === Krasnodar === [[Divnomorskoe]] === Moscow === == Prevalence of Naturism == == Customs == It is customary in a Russian ''banya'' (sauna) to completely disrobe in the single-sex cells. f1f42e6c29e71a292a077811ced430e3c3bbe426 54 52 2018-07-02T12:04:30Z 24.210.174.39 0 wikitext text/x-wiki == Attractions == === Krasnodar === [[Divnomorskoe]] === Moscow === == Prevalence of Naturism == == Customs == It is customary in a Russian ''banya'' (sauna) to completely disrobe in the single-sex cells. == Naturist Map == http://goo.gl/maps/iT1Eo == Other Links == 02776a69ed1390f6767f4b308789ce110caaeab1 55 54 2018-07-13T14:17:10Z 174.97.59.147 0 wikitext text/x-wiki == Attractions == === Krasnodar === [[Divnomorskoe]] === Moscow === == Prevalence of Naturism == == Customs == It is customary in a Russian ''banya'' (sauna) to completely disrobe in the single-sex cells. == Get to Know the Locals == The majority of the population speaks the Russian language, the official language of the country, and is either Atheist or Orthodox Christian. Very few people outside the capital speak English, although it is the most commonly-learned foreign language. To go to some of the more rural places, you will need to be able to find translators, as almost all signage is exclusively in Russian and/or minority languages. == Naturist Map == http://goo.gl/maps/iT1Eo == Other Links == 522aef67858ca57acd9cf884d84b6fc8d908d781 0 36 56 2018-07-13T15:11:39Z SpektronAutomat 26553639 Created page with " == Attractions == == Prevalence of Naturism == Naturism is not widely practiced in Abkhazia anymore, although during the Soviet era naturism was widely practiced by residen..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Attractions == == Prevalence of Naturism == Naturism is not widely practiced in Abkhazia anymore, although during the Soviet era naturism was widely practiced by residents and tourists from all over the USSR. These days most tourists are Russians and they rarely go to or attempt to establish naturist zones. == Customs == == Get to Know the Locals == The local population speaks either one or both of the official languages: Abkhaz and Russian. Georgian is also widely spoken as a minority language. Very few people speak English, however, and a translator/guide will be required to navigate the country in most situations. == Naturist Map == == Other Links == 56dbe0ebc6ad7cdbf20208ca8ce0459c288b7846 67 56 2018-07-14T14:04:35Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= | flag=Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg | location= | capital=[[Sukhumi]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Ruble | area=Country area | population=243,206 | language=[[Abkhaz]] (national), [[Russian]] (official) | religion=Christianity, Islam | electricity=Electrical voltage and current | callingcode=Calling code | tld=Internet top level domain | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC }} == Attractions == == Prevalence of Naturism == Naturism is not widely practiced in Abkhazia anymore, although during the Soviet era naturism was widely practiced by residents and tourists from all over the USSR. These days most tourists are Russians and they rarely go to or attempt to establish naturist zones. == Customs == == Get to Know the Locals == The local population speaks either one or both of the official languages: Abkhaz and Russian. Georgian is also widely spoken as a minority language. Very few people speak English, however, and a translator/guide will be required to navigate the country in most situations. == Naturist Map == == Other Links == 936e2afc7af7f7442c27787565aa1777c7693fe5 75 67 2018-08-12T23:41:42Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= Map of Abkhazia.png | flag=Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg | location= | capital=[[Sukhumi]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Ruble | area=Country area | population=243,206 | language=[[Abkhaz]] (national), [[Russian]] (official) | religion=Christianity, Islam | electricity=Electrical voltage and current | callingcode=Calling code | tld=Internet top level domain | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC }} == Attractions == == Prevalence of Naturism == Naturism is not widely practiced in Abkhazia anymore, although during the Soviet era naturism was widely practiced by residents and tourists from all over the USSR. These days most tourists are Russians and they rarely go to or attempt to establish naturist zones. == Customs == == Get to Know the Locals == The local population speaks either one or both of the official languages: Abkhaz and Russian. Georgian is also widely spoken as a minority language. Very few people speak English, however, and a translator/guide will be required to navigate the country in most situations. == Naturist Map == == Other Links == a004ce2ebb92ec59961409e5ab4d833f68565f5c 77 75 2018-08-12T23:55:34Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= Map of Abkhazia.png | flag=Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg | location= | capital=[[Sukhumi]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Abkhazian apsar, Russian Ruble (₽) | area=Country area | population=243,206 | language=[[Abkhaz]] (national), [[Russian]] (official) | religion=Christianity, Islam | electricity=Electrical voltage and current | callingcode=Calling code | tld=Internet top level domain | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC }} == Attractions == == Prevalence of Naturism == Naturism is not widely practiced in Abkhazia anymore, although during the Soviet era naturism was widely practiced by residents and tourists from all over the USSR. These days most tourists are Russians and they rarely go to or attempt to establish naturist zones. == Customs == == Get to Know the Locals == The local population speaks either one or both of the official languages: Abkhaz and Russian. Georgian is also widely spoken as a minority language. Very few people speak English, however, and a translator/guide will be required to navigate the country in most situations. == Naturist Map == == Other Links == 5e2497c310aa792ded9af31fbcf4b74eccf85c6d 10 37 58 2018-07-14T13:48:09Z 174.97.59.147 0 Created page with "|- | colspan="2" style="height:1px;" |<noinclude>[[Category:Formatting templates]]</noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki |- | colspan="2" style="height:1px;" |<noinclude>[[Category:Formatting templates]]</noinclude> 311bad0099e3396ac4a3390701ff814ac92111c7 10 38 59 2018-07-14T13:51:25Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "'''Bold text'''<!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-..." wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bold text'''<!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} </div><rdf> <http://wikitravel.org/en/{{PAGENAMEE}}> dcterms:spatial <urn:x-wikitravel:en:{{PAGENAMEE}}> . <urn:x-wikitravel:en:{{PAGENAMEE}}> a wts:Country . </rdf><!-- end quick bar --><noinclude> This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> c3660afa8fb68c04fa291d430de9ad833b7c9f0d 61 59 2018-07-14T13:57:32Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bold text'''<!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> fa9a30c3ba77234377451865fb37f3ac80e71553 62 61 2018-07-14T13:58:12Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bold text'''<!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} </div><rdf> . <urn:x-wikitravel:en:{{PAGENAMEE}}> a wts:Country . </rdf><!-- end quick bar --><noinclude> This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> 12f4a35722c0c456953399fa1a5030f92a286bde 63 62 2018-07-14T13:58:37Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bold text'''<!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} </div><rdf> </rdf><!-- end quick bar --><noinclude> This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> 04b7adb9e9f307948d9f6c8ae81a1e1b70ea47a7 64 63 2018-07-14T13:58:58Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bold text'''<!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} </div> <!-- end quick bar --><noinclude> This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> c31336240231bc7f9df9b5b278c5c51d94abdad0 65 64 2018-07-14T13:59:17Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} </div> <!-- end quick bar --><noinclude> This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> 901a7c7b404b1cbb07e0d2be50878df5aab2d197 10 39 60 2018-07-14T13:53:53Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "|- | valign="top" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; white-space:nowrap;" | '''{{{heading}}}''' | {{{value|}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Formatting templates]]</noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki |- | valign="top" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; white-space:nowrap;" | '''{{{heading}}}''' | {{{value|}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Formatting templates]]</noinclude> 4909ca84cd436652f07dcd0684aa8a2cda159ede 6 40 66 2018-07-14T14:01:50Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 41 68 2018-07-14T14:11:07Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 42 69 2018-07-14T14:19:41Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "{{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=Flag of..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=Flag of France.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location= | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Paris]] | government=Parliamentary Presidential Republic | currency=Euro (€) <br> CFP Franc (XPF) (Pacific overseas territories) | area=643,801km² | population=63,929,000 in metropolitan France | language=[[French]] (official) | religion=Catholocism | electricity=Types C and E | callingcode=+33 | tld=.fr | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=112 }} France, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a country with which almost every traveller has a relationship. Many dream of its joie de vivre shown by the countless restaurants, picturesque villages and world-famous gastronomy. Some come to follow the trail of France's great philosophers, writers and artists, or to immerse in the beautiful language it gave the world. And others still are drawn to the country's geographical diversity with its long coastlines, massive mountain ranges and breathtaking farmland vistas. 7d3a5d7d76a532282912fc6039df44574ce30f6d 70 69 2018-07-14T15:55:32Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=Flag_of_France.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location= | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Paris]] | government=Parliamentary Presidential Republic | currency=Euro (€) <br> CFP Franc (XPF) (Pacific overseas territories) | area=643,801km² | population=63,929,000 in metropolitan France | language=[[French]] (official) | religion=Catholocism | electricity=Types C and E | callingcode=+33 | tld=.fr | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=112 }} France, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a country with which almost every traveller has a relationship. Many dream of its joie de vivre shown by the countless restaurants, picturesque villages and world-famous gastronomy. Some come to follow the trail of France's great philosophers, writers and artists, or to immerse in the beautiful language it gave the world. And others still are drawn to the country's geographical diversity with its long coastlines, massive mountain ranges and breathtaking farmland vistas. 97a105d8c14525390b34767bbe0568e5bbf4ac09 0 43 71 2018-07-18T22:34:44Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "{{quickbar | image= | flag= | location= | capital=[[Simferopol]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Ruble (₽) | area=26,081 км² | population=1,913,731 | langu..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= | flag= | location= | capital=[[Simferopol]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Ruble (₽) | area=26,081 км² | population=1,913,731 | language=[[Russian]], [[Ukrainian]], [[Crimean Tatar]] | religion=Christianity, Islam | electricity=Electrical voltage and current | callingcode=Calling code | tld=Internet top level domain | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC }} 33de65ff2001e7b62ab0b1341e134d36e52d85d7 0 44 72 2018-08-06T21:41:27Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "Status: LEGAL https://www.mesec.cz/clanky/muzete-dostat-pokutu-za-to-ze-chodite-po-sve-vlastni-zahrade-temer-nazi/ http://praguemonitor.com/2009/04/24/nudity-getting-undress..." wikitext text/x-wiki Status: LEGAL https://www.mesec.cz/clanky/muzete-dostat-pokutu-za-to-ze-chodite-po-sve-vlastni-zahrade-temer-nazi/ http://praguemonitor.com/2009/04/24/nudity-getting-undressed-czech-republic d42c45ae5bbf882a3c140cbdaf6aa38ff4e098de 6 45 73 2018-08-12T23:40:52Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 46 74 2018-08-12T23:41:13Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 47 76 2018-08-12T23:51:22Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "{{quickbar | image= Map of South Ossetia.png | flag=Flag_of_the_Republic_of_South Ossetia.svg | location= | capital=[[Tskhinval]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currenc..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= Map of South Ossetia.png | flag=Flag_of_the_Republic_of_South Ossetia.svg | location= | capital=[[Tskhinval]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Russian Ruble (₽) | area=Country area | population=243,206 | language=[[Ossetian]] (national), [[Russian]] (official) | religion=Christianity, Islam | electricity=Electrical voltage and current | callingcode=+995 34 | tld=Internet top level domain | timezone=MSK (UTC+3) }} South Ossetia (Ossetian: Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон, Russian: Республика Южная Осетия) is an independent country in the Caucasus. f1150dec902cdd3122992c4428c74b4c30e2c213 78 76 2018-08-12T23:59:42Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= Map of South Ossetia.png | flag=Flag_of_the_Republic_of_South Ossetia.svg | location= | capital=[[Tskhinval]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Russian Ruble (₽) | area=Country area | population=243,206 | language=[[Ossetian]] (national), [[Russian]] (official) | religion=Christianity, Islam | electricity=Electrical voltage and current | callingcode=+995 34 | tld=Internet top level domain | timezone=MSK (UTC+3) }} South Ossetia (Ossetian: Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон, Russian: Республика Южная Осетия) is an independent country in the Caucasus. == Attractions == == Prevalence of Naturism == Naturism is not widely practiced or endorsed in South Ossetia. == Customs == == Get To Know the Locals == The most common language of South Ossetia is assuredly Ossetian. It, along with Russian, are equal co-official languages. The Georgian langauge is also official in areas of concentration of native speakers for all purposes of state power, state administration, and local self-government. Georgian is less known by the locals and may be met with hostility due to its recent independence from Georgia, while the Russian language will be warmly received. a2920e1a07c9bc39a3cc5605b21cb3f6437c7acf 6 48 79 2018-08-16T17:50:40Z Naturewoman 30507925 Map of the legality of public nudity (for naturist purposes or otherwise) in the world. wikitext text/x-wiki Map of the legality of public nudity (for naturist purposes or otherwise) in the world. d1b9c8cc2fd55d2800a15df256ad314adef59f2d 0 50 82 2018-08-16T18:04:35Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "[[File:Public_Nudity_Map_Worldwide.svg|1000px]] == Terminology == '''Completely legal''' - This means there are no legal reasons that you can be denied your right to nudity..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Public_Nudity_Map_Worldwide.svg|1000px]] == Terminology == '''Completely legal''' - This means there are no legal reasons that you can be denied your right to nudity in public. '''(Con)federally legal; local laws may differ''' - There is no Federal or Confederal law limiting nudity, but states, provinces, cantons, districts, and other administrative divisions may have laws that do. You will have to check with an individual reason to see the legality. '''De facto legal; inconsistent enforcement''' - There is no law explicitly banning nudity in public places. However, one could be arrested, fined, asked to cover up, or ignored depending on circumstances. For this reason it's not advised to practice without historical precedence, such as a spot frequented by naturists. Generally, law enforcement will remain hands-off, especially in rural areas. '''Toplessness legal''' - Only female toplessness is protected by law. Full nudity is still subject to law as applicable. '''De facto illegal; inconsistent enforcement''' - It may be suppressed in cities or other areas of high concentration, but one will be generally left alone in rural areas. There is no legal guarantee of anything. '''Illegal, but with legal outlets''' - Public nudity is illegal and will result in a fine or arrest. However, there are legal venues (such as naturist resorts, beaches, parks, etc.) where one is allowed to practice in public. An example would be the infamous Cap d'Agde. '''Completely Illegal''' - Public nudity is ''completely'' illegal and will be subject to law as applicable, which can range from a metaphorical slap on the wrist to execution. fcc763e4cc7a6f607a388f3a796ddb77360aca91 6 52 88 2018-10-04T05:03:51Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 53 89 2018-10-04T05:17:03Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "{{quickbar | image= | flag= | location=North America | capital=[[Ottawa]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Canadian Dollar ($) | area=Country area | population=..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= | flag= | location=North America | capital=[[Ottawa]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Canadian Dollar ($) | area=Country area | population= | language=[[French]] (official), [[English]] (official) | religion=Christianity | electricity= | callingcode= | tld=.ca | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC }} f21bc5487ea224561332fcc833d8247ad97b7157 0 54 90 2018-10-04T18:07:19Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !..." wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!Region!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!Region!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!Region!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!Регионы!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== dfee1a27e071995c033ac2d6342a3806b812cb37 91 90 2018-10-07T09:27:22Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!Region!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!Region!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!Region!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!Регионы!!Активность |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/yoga-nudista-fiz/||Живо |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!Регионы!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== 4e0b350f039eb84f3d9e441aa43346086d5cbcc8 92 91 2018-10-07T09:39:36Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!URL!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!URL!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!URL!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.robertditsch.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://julien-wolga.blogspot.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme.com/fr/blog-naturisme/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.leclapotis.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||http://www.lagenese.com/blog||Inactif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Linguas!!URL!!Actividade |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/yoga-nudista-fiz/||Activo |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!URL!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== 254b22ca8099daea8e02412ce308f53f7ae14b31 0 1 93 57 2018-10-07T17:33:55Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world | news_title = News | news_content = * Quicklinks section and blogs added }} 720ec1d63a11c07a19be8126c11deddf2db66ac8 94 93 2018-10-07T17:34:59Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] <br> [[Legality_of_Public_Nudity|Public Nudity Legality Map]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world | news_title = News | news_content = * Quicklinks section and blogs added }} 4a847e0ab0da2799ee94e60f15994c5f60ffcfc6 115 94 2020-04-10T15:45:38Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] <br> [[Legality_of_Public_Nudity|Public Nudity Legality Map]] <br> [[The_2020_Naturist_Declaration|The 2020 Naturist Declaration]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world | news_title = News | news_content = * Quicklinks section and blogs added }} 21cc9064b7b743f8eb27cd9ee308585c054f1d5a 116 115 2020-04-10T15:46:08Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] <br> [[Legality_of_Public_Nudity|Public Nudity Legality Map]] <br> [[The_2020_Naturist_Declaration|The 2020 Naturist Declaration]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world | news_title = News | news_content = * The 2020 Naturist Declaration was added. }} 07a184352011869594bf237d1e1d28daf3bb3fc0 117 116 2020-04-10T15:47:04Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] <br> [[Legality_of_Public_Nudity|Public Nudity Legality Map]] <br> [[The_2020_Naturist_Declaration|The 2020 Naturist Declaration]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world <br< [[List of historical naturist flags]] | news_title = News | news_content = * The 2020 Naturist Declaration was added. }} 77ae0c3889cb157190448fe8ee573a89e723938b 118 117 2020-04-10T15:47:18Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] <br> [[Legality_of_Public_Nudity|Public Nudity Legality Map]] <br> [[The_2020_Naturist_Declaration|The 2020 Naturist Declaration]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world <br> [[List of historical naturist flags]] | news_title = News | news_content = * The 2020 Naturist Declaration was added. }} 17ede0b13fca9d7f7c0cab2207975eddb89bf5e4 119 118 2020-04-30T09:12:59Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = Your hub for anything naturist! | about_title = About this site | about_content = [[FAQ|Click here to see the Naturist FAQ]] | featured_title = Quicklinks | featured_content = [[Naturist_places_by_country|Discover a Naturist Location]] <br> [[Blogs|Naturist blogs]] <br> [[Legality_of_Public_Nudity|Public Nudity Legality Map]] <br> [[The_2020_Naturist_Declaration|The 2020 Naturist Declaration]] | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * There are over 300 naturist resorts in the world <br> [[List of historical naturist flags]] | news_title = News | news_content = * The 2020 Naturist Declaration was added. }} 6050f167c83b5ed24f97ba4847b0d90a6469f9b7 10 38 95 65 2018-10-07T17:39:40Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" 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Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. 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Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc | nationalfederation= URL for the national federation }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> 311440243b21a74f5b0262dd6407cb627c86d7d5 97 96 2018-10-07T17:42:13Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- begin quick bar --><div id="quickbar" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #9866FF; font-size:85%; background-color: #f3f3ff" width="250" {{ #if: {{{image|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{imagewidth|250px}}}|frameless|{{{caption|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]] }} {{ #if: {{{location|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Location''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{location|}}}|{{{locationwidth|250px}}}|frameless]] }} {{ #if: {{{flag|}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" {{!}} '''Flag''' {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px" {{!}} [[File:{{{flag|}}}|{{{flagwidth|108px}}}|frameless]] }} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #C9AFFF; border-top: 1px solid #C9AFFF; background-color: #ddddff" | '''Quick Facts''' {{ #if: {{{capital|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Capital|value={{{capital|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{government|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Government|value={{{government|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{currency|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Currency|value={{{currency|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{area|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Area|value={{{area|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{population|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Population|value={{{population|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{language|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Language|value={{{language|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{religion|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Religion|value={{{religion|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{electricity|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Electrical systems|Electricity]]|value={{{electricity|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{callingcode|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[List of country calling codes|Country code]]|value={{{callingcode|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{tld|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Internet TLD|value={{{tld|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{timezone|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Time zones|Time Zone]]|value={{{timezone|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{emergencies|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=Emergencies|value={{{emergencies|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} {{ #if: {{{naturistfederation|}}} | {{quickbar item|heading=[[Naturist Federations|Naturist Federation]]|value={{{naturistfederation|}}}}} | {{quickbar empty}} }} |} </div> <!-- end quick bar --><noinclude> This template places a consistently-formatted summary of standard information at the top of every country article. Other destinations may also use a quick bar providing relevant information is available. Please discuss on the [[Template talk:Quickbar]] page if you feel that quickbars should be used for other article types. Note that the lead and location images MUST NOT be wider than 250px, and the flag image '''should be 108px'''; if the width fields are not set, it will default to this. Remember, DO NOT add the <code><nowiki>[[File: |noframe|250px]]</nowiki></code> to any of the images, just the image name with the type suffix. The template uses the following format: <pre><nowiki> {{quickbar | image=image file name | imagewidth=optionally set the lead image's size; defaults to 250px | caption=shows a caption when the image is hovered over | flag=flag.svg | flagwidth=optional and sparingly used for flags such as [[Nepal|Nepal's]]; defaults to 108px | location=location.png | locationwidth=optionally set the size of the map; defaults to 250px | capital=[[Capital]] | government=type of government | currency=currency used | area=land area | population=recent population estimate | language=[[Language1]], [[Language2]], Language3, ... | religion=common religion(s) | electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) | callingcode=Country calling code preceded by + | tld=internet top level domain | timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC | emergencies=emergency phone number(s) to dial for ambulance, fire, police, etc | nationalfederation= URL for the national federation }} </nowiki></pre> [[Category:Formatting templates|Quickbar]] </noinclude> 44047d8d77d0495360a715e4f386f04f6ad9d046 0 53 98 89 2018-10-07T17:42:34Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= | flag= | location=North America | capital=[[Ottawa]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Canadian Dollar ($) | area=Country area | population= | language=[[French]] (official), [[English]] (official) | religion=Christianity | electricity= | callingcode= | tld=.ca | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC | naturistfederation=https://fcn.ca/ }} 1f8ed55503cdafca1909107c13151375a768e2f8 6 55 99 2018-10-07T17:46:08Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 0 56 100 2018-10-07T17:46:46Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "{{quickbar | image= | flag=Flag_of_Quebec.svg | location=North America | capital=[[Montréal]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Canadian Dollar ($) | area=Count..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{quickbar | image= | flag=Flag_of_Quebec.svg | location=North America | capital=[[Montréal]] | government=Parliamentary Republic | currency=Canadian Dollar ($) | area=Country area | population= | language=[[French]] | religion=Christianity | electricity= | callingcode= | tld=.ca | timezone=Time zone(s) in relation to UTC | naturistfederation=http://www.fqn.qc.ca/ }} f8fce7a13b7c69cdccdde0c9f446424f727437da 0 54 101 92 2018-10-29T20:11:07Z Naturewoman 30507925 /* Français */ wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!URL!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!URL!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!URL!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.robertditsch.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://julien-wolga.blogspot.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme.com/fr/blog-naturisme/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.leclapotis.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||http://www.lagenese.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||https://balladeaufildutemps.blogspot.com/?zx=e7e80ddc951f5330||Actif |- |Français||https://www.nature-et-naturisme.com/||Actif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Linguas!!URL!!Actividade |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/yoga-nudista-fiz/||Activo |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!URL!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== 4529f747869840b9637025bb46b4273e96e29b69 102 101 2018-10-29T20:15:43Z Naturewoman 30507925 /* Français */ wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!URL!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!URL!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!URL!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.robertditsch.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://julien-wolga.blogspot.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme.com/fr/blog-naturisme/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.leclapotis.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||http://www.lagenese.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||https://balladeaufildutemps.blogspot.com/?zx=e7e80ddc951f5330||Actif |- |Français||https://www.nature-et-naturisme.com/||Actif |- Français||https://www.naturisme-tv.com/||Actif |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Linguas!!URL!!Actividade |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/yoga-nudista-fiz/||Activo |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!URL!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== 637322d6b502575d4d192d9e1d5e53302478e594 103 102 2018-11-01T15:46:55Z Naturewoman 30507925 /* Français */ wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!URL!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!URL!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!URL!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.robertditsch.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://julien-wolga.blogspot.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme.com/fr/blog-naturisme/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.leclapotis.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||http://www.lagenese.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||https://balladeaufildutemps.blogspot.com/?zx=e7e80ddc951f5330||Actif |- |Français||https://www.nature-et-naturisme.com/||Actif |- Français||https://www.naturisme-tv.com/||Actif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Linguas!!URL!!Actividade |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/yoga-nudista-fiz/||Activo |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!URL!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== c5245d89eb49a5695452e4df1be8f5e477d63a04 104 103 2018-11-01T15:47:43Z Naturewoman 30507925 /* Français */ wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!URL!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!URL!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!URL!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.robertditsch.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://julien-wolga.blogspot.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme.com/fr/blog-naturisme/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.leclapotis.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||http://www.lagenese.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||https://balladeaufildutemps.blogspot.com/?zx=e7e80ddc951f5330||Actif |- |Français||https://www.nature-et-naturisme.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme-tv.com/||Actif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Linguas!!URL!!Actividade |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/yoga-nudista-fiz/||Activo |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!URL!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== a3cf21da8de6e7d37238464fa19892d275e98643 111 104 2019-01-07T08:43:47Z 90.79.172.146 0 /* Português */ wikitext text/x-wiki ===Dansk=== ===Deutsch=== ===English=== Below are a list of all known English-language naturist blogs (whether partly in English or fully) {| class="wikitable sortable" !Languages!!URL!!Status |- |English|| http://www.nakedwanderings.com/||Active |- |English||https://thenaturistpage.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://naturistphilosopher.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||http://www.bayareanaturists.org/news.html||Active |- |English||https://legalizepublicnudity.tumblr.com||Down |- |English||http://centauri4-naturism.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English||https://ourclothingoptionaltrips.com/||Active |- |English||https://spiritedbodies.com/||Active |- |English||https://imparsiblemath.wordpress.com||Active |- |English||https://lookingatbothsidesnow.wordpress.com/||Active |- |English||https://toplesspulp.com||Active |- |English||https://meanderingnaturist.com||Active |- |English, Français||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Active |- |English, Français, Русский||https://borderlandthoughts.tumblr.com/||Active |- |English, Nederlands||http://zjuzdme.org/||Active |- |} ===Español=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Idiomas!!URL!!Status |- |Español||http://annli2.blogspot.com.es/||Activo |- |Español||https://naturismoenpareja.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://infonudismo.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||https://templodeeros.wordpress.com/||Activo |- |Español||http://vidanudista.blogspot.com/||Activo |- |} ===Français=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Langues!!URL!!Status |- |Français, English||https://www.nuetheureux.com||Actif |- |Français||http://www.naturisme-limburg.be/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.robertditsch.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://julien-wolga.blogspot.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme.com/fr/blog-naturisme/||Actif |- |Français||http://www.leclapotis.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||http://www.lagenese.com/blog||Inactif |- |Français||https://balladeaufildutemps.blogspot.com/?zx=e7e80ddc951f5330||Actif |- |Français||https://www.nature-et-naturisme.com/||Actif |- |Français||https://www.naturisme-tv.com/||Actif |- |} ===Kiswahili=== ===Nederlands=== ===日本語=== ===Português=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Linguas!!URL!!Actividade |- |Русский||https://renuvar.pt/||Activo |- |} ===Русский=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Языки!!URL!!Активность |- |Русский||http://naturism.su||Живо |- |} ===Svenska=== a9df0b1b7afbce8e911689ae59f99181e099a01e 0 57 105 2018-12-06T08:24:25Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "A commune is a gathering of people sharing a common life, lifestyle goals, property, and resources. These are usually built on owned private land (in some cases several kms wo..." wikitext text/x-wiki A commune is a gathering of people sharing a common life, lifestyle goals, property, and resources. These are usually built on owned private land (in some cases several kms worth) and some are clothing-optional or full-nude. This wiki will list both, though keep in mind clothing-optional is subject to interpretation and may only mean there will be a secluded area where it is permitted. Please see the original site for details and contact them for deeper inquiry. == Full nude == == Clothing-optional == https://ptecovillage.org/ http://www.acorncommunity.org http://acorncommunity.org/walden/ 438441846d1294625c6d707c2499f4f6a3835ba8 106 105 2018-12-06T08:35:07Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki A commune is a gathering of people sharing a common life, lifestyle goals, property, and resources. These are usually built on owned private land (in some cases several kms worth) and some are clothing-optional or full-nude. This wiki will list both, though keep in mind clothing-optional is subject to interpretation and may only mean there will be a secluded area where it is permitted. Please see the original site for details and contact them for deeper inquiry. == Full nude == == Clothing-optional == http://www.thefec.org (Big collection of egalitarian communities) https://ptecovillage.org/ http://www.acorncommunity.org http://acorncommunity.org/walden/ a5ba33b76d1de5f5754e8f85b7163ba2a925c6a9 109 106 2018-12-06T14:17:13Z Naturewoman 30507925 Naturewoman moved page [[Communes]] to [[Commune]] without leaving a redirect wikitext text/x-wiki A commune is a gathering of people sharing a common life, lifestyle goals, property, and resources. These are usually built on owned private land (in some cases several kms worth) and some are clothing-optional or full-nude. This wiki will list both, though keep in mind clothing-optional is subject to interpretation and may only mean there will be a secluded area where it is permitted. Please see the original site for details and contact them for deeper inquiry. == Full nude == == Clothing-optional == http://www.thefec.org (Big collection of egalitarian communities) https://ptecovillage.org/ http://www.acorncommunity.org http://acorncommunity.org/walden/ a5ba33b76d1de5f5754e8f85b7163ba2a925c6a9 0 58 107 2018-12-06T14:16:34Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with " == Types of Intentional Communities == * [[Commune]] * [[Ecovillage]] * [[Housing coöperative]] * [[Permaculture settlement]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Types of Intentional Communities == * [[Commune]] * [[Ecovillage]] * [[Housing coöperative]] * [[Permaculture settlement]] 2a119da537b1e921dba636e63ee30610645eb8dc 108 107 2018-12-06T14:16:54Z Naturewoman 30507925 Naturewoman moved page [[Intentional Communities]] to [[Intentional Community]] without leaving a redirect wikitext text/x-wiki == Types of Intentional Communities == * [[Commune]] * [[Ecovillage]] * [[Housing coöperative]] * [[Permaculture settlement]] 2a119da537b1e921dba636e63ee30610645eb8dc 110 108 2018-12-06T14:50:02Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Types of Intentional Communities == * [[Commune]] * [[Ecovillage]] * [[Housing coöperative]] * [[Permaculture settlement]] == Resources == [http://www.thefec.org/blog/commune-starter-kit/|The Book of Community] [[Guide to creating an Intentional Community]] 2202e9844e3c8e1825278f32a4c51f03749b0a8a 0 59 112 2020-04-10T06:32:31Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "Preamble: As members of an increasingly globalised world with constantly updating and refined ways of seeing our interactions with each other and with ourselves, we can no lon..." wikitext text/x-wiki Preamble: As members of an increasingly globalised world with constantly updating and refined ways of seeing our interactions with each other and with ourselves, we can no longer stick our heads in the ground and resist moving on with the world. For this reason, I feel it indispensable to declare the following: I. LGBTQ+ people must be at the front of the movement, and we are failing them by failing to support them, whether in resorts or on the street. Our lack of presence at Pride and at political rallies showing our commitment to a better world rather than self-imposed isolation in the banlieus only stands to make us lost to time. II. We must not let the resentment for creeps turn us anti-sex. Sex and sexual relations are a natural and beautiful part of the human experience and everyone deserves the right to explore their sexuality with anyone else who can and does consent. We must realise that we cannot tolerate sexual material in our spaces as a measure of interacting with contemporary politics, where our spaces become threatened both legally and in terms of safety when they attract sex-seekers that make women and sexual minorities feel unwelcome or unsafe with disrespectful and misogynistic behaviour, not because sex is an act that should be discouraged, repressed, suppressed, or regarded as evil. III. Everything is political. So is naturism. We cannot idly sit by as the world moves past us. Bodily freedom is an important, inviolable right and our cause is too important ot fall to teh wayside as the relic of a bygone hippy lifestyle. We must be on the forefront, and we must be part of the catalysts for change. We cannot afford "political neutrality". We cannot afford becoming wide tent enough so as to lsoe track of a better world. We must move leftwards, and we must boldly stand face-to-face with teh Capitalist rot wrecking havoc across our world. One cannot be still on a moving train. When there is a protest against the neoliberal reforms and increasingly authoritarian states across the world from Europe to Oceania to the Americas, we need to be there. When there is a protest against police brutality perpetuated predominantly against the disenfranchised in our societies, we need to be there. When women stand strong and indignant in the face of cultures that perpetually treat them like a lesser gender, we need to be there. When people protest the climate change that threatens to kill well over 90% of life on the planet and create billions of refugees, we need to be there. 7ed26d47166cfe8f9c4d400b62dbffa5764c730c 113 112 2020-04-10T06:33:19Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki Preamble: As members of an increasingly globalised world with constantly updating and refined ways of seeing our interactions with each other and with ourselves, we can no longer stick our heads in the ground and resist moving on with the world. For this reason, I feel it indispensable to declare the following: I. '''LGBTQ+ people must be at the front of the movement''', and we are failing them by failing to support them, whether in resorts or on the street. Our lack of presence at Pride and at political rallies showing our commitment to a better world rather than self-imposed isolation in the banlieus only stands to make us lost to time. II. '''We must not let the resentment for creeps turn us anti-sex.''' Sex and sexual relations are a natural and beautiful part of the human experience and everyone deserves the right to explore their sexuality with anyone else who can and does consent. We must realise that we cannot tolerate sexual material in our spaces as a measure of interacting with contemporary politics, where our spaces become threatened both legally and in terms of safety when they attract sex-seekers that make women and sexual minorities feel unwelcome or unsafe with disrespectful and misogynistic behaviour, not because sex is an act that should be discouraged, repressed, suppressed, or regarded as evil. III. '''Everything is political. So is naturism.''' We cannot idly sit by as the world moves past us. Bodily freedom is an important, inviolable right and our cause is too important to fall to teh wayside as the relic of a bygone hippy lifestyle. We must be on the forefront, and we must be part of the catalysts for change. We cannot afford "political neutrality". We cannot afford becoming wide tent enough so as to lose track of a better world. We must move leftwards, and we must boldly stand face-to-face with teh Capitalist rot wrecking havoc across our world. ''One cannot be still on a moving train.'' When there is a protest against the neoliberal reforms and increasingly authoritarian states across the world from Europe to Oceania to the Americas, '''we need to be there.''' When there is a protest against police brutality perpetuated predominantly against the disenfranchised in our societies, '''we need to be there.''' When women stand strong and indignant in the face of cultures that perpetually treat them like a lesser gender, '''we need to be there.''' When people protest the climate change that threatens to kill well over 90% of life on the planet and create billions of refugees, '''we need to be there.''' 61558e9643d706b01c193fb63dd9164c706b287b 114 113 2020-04-10T15:44:54Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki Preamble: As members of an increasingly globalised world with constantly updating and refined ways of seeing our interactions with each other and with ourselves, we can no longer stick our heads in the ground and resist moving on with the world. For this reason, I feel it indispensable to declare the following: I. '''LGBTQ+ people must be at the front of the movement''', and we are failing them by failing to support them, whether in resorts or on the street. Our lack of presence at Pride and at political rallies showing our commitment to a better world rather than self-imposed isolation in the banlieus only stands to make us lost to time. II. '''We must not let the resentment for creeps turn us anti-sex.''' II.a Sex and sexual relations are a natural and beautiful part of the human experience and everyone deserves the right to explore their sexuality with anyone else who can and does consent. We must realise that we cannot tolerate sexual material in our spaces as a measure of interacting with contemporary politics, where our spaces become threatened both legally and in terms of safety when they attract sex-seekers that make women and sexual minorities feel unwelcome or unsafe with disrespectful and misogynistic behaviour, not because sex is an act that should be discouraged, repressed, suppressed, or regarded as evil. III. '''Everything is political. So is naturism.''' III.a We cannot idly sit by as the world moves past us. Bodily freedom is an important, inviolable right and our cause is too important to fall to teh wayside as the relic of a bygone hippy lifestyle. We must be on the forefront, and we must be part of the catalysts for change. We cannot afford "political neutrality". We cannot afford becoming wide tent enough so as to lose track of a better world. We must move leftwards, and we must boldly stand face-to-face with teh Capitalist rot wrecking havoc across our world. ''One cannot be still on a moving train.'' III.b When there is a protest against the neoliberal reforms and increasingly authoritarian states across the world from Europe to Oceania to the Americas, '''we need to be there.''' III.c When there is a protest against police brutality perpetuated predominantly against the disenfranchised in our societies, '''we need to be there.''' III.d When women stand strong and indignant in the face of cultures that perpetually treat them like a lesser gender, '''we need to be there.''' III.e When people protest the climate change that threatens to kill well over 90% of life on the planet and create billions of refugees, '''we need to be there.''' IV. We must prioritise safety. IV.a In a time of extremely contagious and deadly viral outbreaks, we must follow the instructions given by knowledgeable institutions such as the World Health Organisation and the UN (knowledgeable institutions does not include the US or other undeveloped administrations) IV.b We must remind naturist resorts to close down for the entirety of the outbreak as necessary, and we must practice social distancing as necessary. We live in the world and it is impossible to ignore this fact. We must press all our facilities to be up-to-date with health and safety information. If any place remains open during an outbreak, we must all do our part to remind them of the risks imposed by deadly viruses and the social responsibility we all bear. c7367de7c2c8c46263832fa51ccb6940ff20dcb4 0 50 120 82 2020-04-30T09:21:33Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Public_Nudity_Map_Worldwide.svg|1000px]] == Terminology == '''Completely legal''' - This means there are no legal reasons that you can be denied your right to nudity in public. '''(Con)federally legal; local laws may differ''' - There is no Federal or Confederal law limiting nudity, but states, provinces, cantons, districts, and other administrative divisions may have laws that do. You will have to check with an individual region to see the legality. '''De facto legal; inconsistent enforcement''' - There is no law explicitly banning nudity in public places. However, one could be arrested, fined, asked to cover up, or ignored depending on circumstances. For this reason it's not advised to practice without historical precedence, such as a spot frequented by naturists. Generally, law enforcement will remain hands-off, especially in rural areas. '''Toplessness legal''' - Only female toplessness is protected by law. Full nudity is still subject to law as applicable. '''De facto illegal; inconsistent enforcement''' - It may be suppressed in cities or other areas of high concentration, but one will be generally left alone in rural areas. There is no legal guarantee of anything. '''Illegal, but with legal outlets''' - Public nudity is illegal and will result in a fine or arrest. However, there are legal venues (such as naturist resorts, beaches, parks, etc.) where one is allowed to practice in public. An example would be the infamous Cap d'Agde. '''Completely Illegal''' - Public nudity is ''completely'' illegal and will be subject to law as applicable, which can range from a metaphorical slap on the wrist to execution. b18b22907531a1dc058bbccbc7b3398cbf72c0d6 0 60 121 2020-04-30T09:26:02Z Naturewoman 30507925 Created page with "##Classification Requirements In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation II. Show commitment to preventing s..." wikitext text/x-wiki ##Classification Requirements In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) ## Discord {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} 9faf388e1ea2b25cb702109fccccf55ad17705e4 122 121 2020-04-30T09:26:32Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Heading text == Classification Requirements In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) == Discord == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} 475bebb6c0d1520a2f76d7384ad061c7b7907d70 123 122 2020-04-30T09:27:01Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Heading text == Classification Requirements In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation [br] II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence [br] III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) [br] == Discord == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} a93d2b96e72d3695832d783e410ae30a995b4830 124 123 2020-04-30T09:27:23Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Heading text == Classification Requirements In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation [[br]] II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence [[br]] III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) [[br]] == Discord == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} bcc87dbc069200dda8050a22dbb7c34a1d1e7335 125 124 2020-04-30T09:28:02Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Heading text == Classification Requirements In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation <br> II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence <br> III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) <br> == Discord == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} 83d8426d92f5454b302e24cb1d730856af6957c3 126 125 2020-04-30T09:28:24Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Classification Requirements == In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation <br> II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence <br> III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) <br> == Discord == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} b3421f85482708a5a88121071ae32f9502210d6a 127 126 2020-04-30T09:29:02Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Classification Requirements == In order to be included in the Naturist Hub, a group must be: I. Explicitly leftist in political orientation <br> II. Show commitment to preventing sexual harassment, abuse, or violence <br> III. Be committed to the practice of genuine Naturism (respect for oneself, for others, and the environment) <br> == Discord == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Tags !! Link |- | Red & Black ||hangout, furry|| |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} == Reddit == == Telegram == == WhatsApp == 33740ce9f7d2b953af53c43e75bc91fd3562b370 6 61 128 2021-09-23T22:27:35Z Naturewoman 30507925 The Anarcho-Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == The Anarcho-Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. 30c5f366c0f5fe709206d2cf476e26bf8b990bc2 132 128 2021-09-23T22:29:48Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == The Anarcho-Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. See: https://www.reddit.com/r/anarcho_naturism/wiki/flag#wiki_tags fff9fa620b2cb5dde123fb3d65f4ba4724bc5bff 6 62 129 2021-09-23T22:28:35Z Naturewoman 30507925 The Anarcho-Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == The Anarcho-Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. 30c5f366c0f5fe709206d2cf476e26bf8b990bc2 130 129 2021-09-23T22:29:09Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == The Anarcho Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. 1c53b270627f654448da4e46babb92fe16e2c54d 131 130 2021-09-23T22:29:27Z Naturewoman 30507925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == The Anarcho Naturist flag. Design created and trademarked by u/TheYayat on Reddit, known as oli292 on RedBubble. Reproduction of the image is not possible without permission from the user in writing and is never permitted for commercial use. See: https://www.reddit.com/r/anarcho_naturism/wiki/flag#wiki_tags dce597183598867a4b32bae17a5b00ec22cd4d37